FMS Week 5 Flashcards
Pathology
1
Q
cells in cardiac muscle
A
mononuclear branching cells connected via cell junctions
2
Q
cells of cartilage
A
chondroblasts and chondrocytes
3
Q
what are the main issues of formalin?
A
hardens tissues slowly and doesn’t protect them from shrinkage during embedding/sectioning
4
Q
stratum basale
A
base layer of epidermis; location of stem cells and melanocytes; constant repair/regeneration
5
Q
red in Masson’s trichrome
A
muscle
6
Q
Stain for carbohydrates and carbohydrate compounds
A
Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS)
7
Q
epithelium type of epidermis
A
stratified squamous
8
Q
transmembrane proteins associated with gap junctions?
A
connexin proteins organized into 6-unit connexons containing a central hydrophilic channel
9
Q
epithelium type of GI lining
A
simple columnar
10
Q
epithelium type of vagina
A
stratified squamous
11
Q
Stain for diabetic changes in the kidney
A
Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS)
12
Q
Stain for collagen/fibrosis
A
Masson’s Trichrome
13
Q
epithelium type of inner lining of vascular system
A
simple squamous
14
Q
section thickness for microscopy?
A
3-10 microns for light
<0.1 micron for electron
15
Q
Masson’s Trichrome
A
stain for collagen/fibrosis
16
Q
from what cells do dermatofibromas arise?
A
fibroblasts/dendritic cells
17
Q
islets of langerhans
A
endocrine function of the pancreas, secrete insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin in to circulation
18
Q
staining for blood smears
A
Giemsa/Wrights
19
Q
epithelium type of nasal cavity
A
pseudostratified
20
Q
blue in Masson’s trichrome staining
A
Collagen fibers (blue-green), nuclei are blue due to H&E primary stain
21
Q
stratum corneum
A
acellular keratinized layer of the skin
22
Q
stratum lucidum
A
clear layer of acellular bodies between granulosum and corneum
23
Q
cells of bone
A
osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes
24
Q
sebaceous glands
A
multicellular exocrine gland in the dermis that secretes sebum to the surface
25
what type of gland are goblet cells?
unicellular exocrine
26
epithelium type of trachea
pseudostratified epithelium
27
Describe an ideal fixative:
penetrates quickly, renders all parts of cells permanent, allows for staining and testing, no change by cell shrinkage
28
common features of GI tract histology?
mucosa (mucosal epithilium, lamina propia, muscularis mucosa), submucosa, muscularis propia, serosa
29
endocrine glands
lack a duct, secretion released directly into the blood for circulation
30
epithelium type of vas deferens
stratified columnar
31
keratinocytes
epithelial cells (squamous) of the epidermis
32
define cilia
motile apical cell projections made of microtubules
33
what type of junctions are associated with heart muscle?
gap junctions
34
what is the basis of immunohistochemistry?
specific antibody-antigen binding in the cell membrane, cytoplasm, or nucleus
35
exocrine glands
connected to epithelial surface by a duct, secrete onto body surface or into body cavity
36
stratum spinosum
thickest layer of epidermis; contains live keratinocytes and langerhans cells
37
Tissue with variable rate of renewal, no dedicated blood supply (diffusion from connective tissue), integrity maintained by cell adhesion molecules/juctional complexes, basal lamina, function determined by polarity
epithelial
38
cells of CT proper
fibroblasts
39
what type of epithelium are goblet cells most commonly found?
pseudostratified
40
location of synovial membranes
line joint cavities (produce fluid within joint)
41
epithelium type of auditory tube
pseudostratified epithelium
42
epithelium type of lung alveoli
simple squamous
43
epithelium type of male urethra ducts
stratified cuboidal
44
from what cells do hemangiosarcomas arise?
endothelial vessel cells
45
what are the positives of osmium?
preserves cell closest to in vivo state, stains fats/lipid-containing materials black
46
cells of adipose
adipocytes
47
main forms of epithelial tissue
external and internal surfaces; glands
48
what is trabecular bone?
the spongy interior portion of bone
49
features of the epithelium of the small intestine
circular folds ("supervilli"), villi(w/ crypts), microvilli, simple columnar
50
location of serous membranes
line body cavities closed to the body exterior (peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial)
51
what are osteoblasts?
cells in bone that lay down new bone
52
what are traberculae?
```
intersecting spaces
(site of hematopoesis/marrow) in trabecular bone
```
53
Giemsa/Wrights
stain for peripheral blood smears
54
location of cutaneous membranes
the skin
55
embryologic germ of most soft tissue
mesoderm
56
characteristics of epithelial tissue
variable rate of renewal, no dedicated blood supply (diffusion from connective tissue), integrity maintained by cell adhesion molecules/juctional complexes, basal lamina, function determined by polarity
57
from what cells do basal cell carcinomas arise?
cells of the stratum basale
58
embryologic germ of body cavities
mesoderm
59
extracellular matrix of adipose?
elastin
60
what are lacunae?
the open spaces within cartilage/bone
61
What are the 4 types of tissue in the body?
Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
62
types of connective tissue proper?
loose (areolar), dense regular, and dense irregular
63
Merkel cells
tactile cells of the epithelium
64
role of connective tissue
supports, connects, and separates other types of tissues/organs
65
sections of muscularis propia
inner circular muscle layer and outer longitudinal muscle layer
66
muticellular gland with a duct?
multicellular exocrine
67
where is dense irregular connective tissue found?
reticular (deep) layer of dermis
68
stratum corneum
layer of dead keratinocytes on surface of epidermis
69
epithelium type of sinuses
pseudostratified
70
epithelium type of ductus deferens
pseudostratified epithelium
71
what are osteocytes?
multi-nucleated cells in bone that maintain nutrition to the bone and ground substance (collagen and elastic fibers)
72
what are adenocarcinomas?
tumors that arise from gland tissue
73
sections of the GI tract lined by squamous epithelia
esophagus and anus
74
epithelium type of kidney tubules
simple cuboidal
75
portal triad
3 branches associated with digestive function in hepatic lobules; branches of bile duct, portal vein, artery
76
what is the pathology of albinism?
hypopigmentation (decreased melanin production) as a result of congenital defect in tyrosinase
77
main components of connective tissue
fibers (elastic and collagenous), cells, ground substance (extracellular matrix)
78
what are haversian canals?
network that contains blood vessels in cortical bone
79
epithelium type of bronchi
pseudostratified epithelium
80
cells in smooth muscle
spindle-shaped cells connected via gap junctions
81
what is cortical bone?
the hard outer portion of bone
82
with what type of tissue are tight junctions associated?
epithelia
83
from what cells do hemangiomas arise?
endothelial vessel cells
84
what are the main issues of osmium?
penetrates poorly, incompatible with many stains
85
VITAMINC
```
Vascular
Infectious
Traumatic
Autoimmune
Metabolic
Idiopathic/iatrogenic
Neoplastic
Congenital
```
86
features of the epithelium of the large intestine
intestinal crypts containing goblet cells (no villi), simple columnar
87
melanocytes
pigment producing cells of the epidermis; associated with melanoma
88
from what cells do squamous cell carcinomas arise?
keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum
89
types of epithelial tissue
simple, stratified, pseudostratified, transitional
90
5 types of connective tissue
CT proper, cartilage, bone, adipose, and blood
91
main digestive function of liver
produces bile
92
from what cells do merkel cell carcinomas arise?
merkel cells of the stratum basale
93
what is the role of elastic and collagen fibers in connective tissue?
provide a medium for oxygen/nutrient/waste diffusion; resists stretching and tearing
94
layers of the dermis (apical to basal)
papillary to reticular
95
what is used for embedding in electron microscopy?
epoxy resins (epon or araldite)
96
what is the periosteum?
the membrane covering the outside of bone
97
what are osteoclasts?
cells in bone that "eat" bone
98
cells of blood
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
99
epithelium type of ovary
simple cuboidal
100
What is the most standard method for light microscopy?
Infiltrated with paraffin, fixed with formalin, stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)
101
what is the purpose of cilia?
local defense of tissue and transport of extracellular material
102
transmembrane proteins associated with tight junctions?
occludin and claudin
103
embryologic germ of epidermis
ectoderm
104
embryologic germ of lining of GI tract
endoderm
105
epithelium type of inner reproductive tract lining
simple columnar
106
what is the pathology of vitiligo?
depigmentation (acquired but possibly multifactorial) loss or decreased activity of melanocytes; possibly auto-immune
107
cells in skeletal muscle
multinucleated syncytium formed by fusion of individual cells during development
108
epithelium type of body cavities
simple squamous
109
arrector pili
muscle in dermis that contracts to raise hair
110
define microvilli
apical membrane projections made of actin
111
from what cells do dermatofibrosarcomas arise?
fibroblasts
112
stratum granulosum
base layer of dead keratinocytes that separates acellular epidermis from cellular epidermis
113
what are chondrocytes?
the cells within the lacunae of cartilage, produce elastic fibers found in ground substance
114
what are the best uses for immunohistochemistry?
tissue of origin in metastatic disease, markers of cellular events like proliferation/death, narrowing differential diagnoses (estrogen receptors in breast cancer)
115
what are reticular fibers?
lace-like type 3 collagen meshwork of connective tissue in lymph nodes/spleen
116
epithelium type of endocrine glands
simple cuboidal
117
cells of the epidermis
keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans, merkel
118
where do you find ground substance and fibers?
the extracellular matrix of CT proper, cartilage, and bone
119
what are the positives of formalin?
cross-links membrane proteins by covalent bonding, penetrates quickly, little distortion/destruction, compatible with almost all stains
120
epithelium type of conjunctiva of eye
stratified columnar
121
epithelium type of epididymis lining
pseudostratified epithelium
122
papillary layer
layer of ridges of the dermis interlocking with the ridges of the epidermis
123
Langerhans cells
motile antigen-presenting cells of the epidermis
124
difference between squamous mucosa and skin?
acellular keratinized layer (stratum corneum)
125
layers of the epidermis (apical to basal)
corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale (can lucy get some bagels?)
126
what is the primary fixative of electron microscopy?
osmium
127
embryologic germ of connective tissue
mesoderm/mesenchyme
128
location of mucous membranes
line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
129
features of the epithelium of the appendix
similar to colon, but with lymphoid aggregates
130
epithelium type of oral cavity
stratified squamous
131
Functions of the skin
protective, sensory, thermoregulatory, sex signalling
132
features of the epithelium of the stomach
simple columnar, gastric pits
133
from what cells do melanomas arise?
melanocytes of the stratum basale
134
what do fibroblasts do?
produce elastic and collagen fibers
135
what type of bone makes up the majority of the bone mass in the body?
cortical
136
epithelium type of urinary tract
transitional
137
where is dense regular connective tissue found?
tendons and ligaments
138
pancreatic acini
exocrine function of pancreas, "radial complexes" secrete pancreatic juice (enzymes and hormones) into the duodenum
139
types of simple and stratified epithelia
squamous, cuboidal, comlumnar
140
what is the purpose of microvilli?
increase absorptive cell surface area
141
epithelium type of sweat gland ducts
stratified cuboidal
142
what are fibrocytes?
inactive fibroblasts
