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FMS Week 5 Flashcards

Pathology

1
Q

cells in cardiac muscle

A

mononuclear branching cells connected via cell junctions

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2
Q

cells of cartilage

A

chondroblasts and chondrocytes

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3
Q

what are the main issues of formalin?

A

hardens tissues slowly and doesn’t protect them from shrinkage during embedding/sectioning

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4
Q

stratum basale

A

base layer of epidermis; location of stem cells and melanocytes; constant repair/regeneration

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5
Q

red in Masson’s trichrome

A

muscle

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6
Q

Stain for carbohydrates and carbohydrate compounds

A

Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS)

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7
Q

epithelium type of epidermis

A

stratified squamous

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8
Q

transmembrane proteins associated with gap junctions?

A

connexin proteins organized into 6-unit connexons containing a central hydrophilic channel

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9
Q

epithelium type of GI lining

A

simple columnar

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10
Q

epithelium type of vagina

A

stratified squamous

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11
Q

Stain for diabetic changes in the kidney

A

Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS)

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12
Q

Stain for collagen/fibrosis

A

Masson’s Trichrome

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13
Q

epithelium type of inner lining of vascular system

A

simple squamous

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14
Q

section thickness for microscopy?

A

3-10 microns for light

<0.1 micron for electron

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15
Q

Masson’s Trichrome

A

stain for collagen/fibrosis

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16
Q

from what cells do dermatofibromas arise?

A

fibroblasts/dendritic cells

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17
Q

islets of langerhans

A

endocrine function of the pancreas, secrete insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin in to circulation

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18
Q

staining for blood smears

A

Giemsa/Wrights

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19
Q

epithelium type of nasal cavity

A

pseudostratified

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20
Q

blue in Masson’s trichrome staining

A

Collagen fibers (blue-green), nuclei are blue due to H&E primary stain

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21
Q

stratum corneum

A

acellular keratinized layer of the skin

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22
Q

stratum lucidum

A

clear layer of acellular bodies between granulosum and corneum

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23
Q

cells of bone

A

osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes

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24
Q

sebaceous glands

A

multicellular exocrine gland in the dermis that secretes sebum to the surface

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25
Q

what type of gland are goblet cells?

A

unicellular exocrine

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26
Q

epithelium type of trachea

A

pseudostratified epithelium

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27
Q

Describe an ideal fixative:

A

penetrates quickly, renders all parts of cells permanent, allows for staining and testing, no change by cell shrinkage

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28
Q

common features of GI tract histology?

A

mucosa (mucosal epithilium, lamina propia, muscularis mucosa), submucosa, muscularis propia, serosa

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29
Q

endocrine glands

A

lack a duct, secretion released directly into the blood for circulation

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30
Q

epithelium type of vas deferens

A

stratified columnar

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31
Q

keratinocytes

A

epithelial cells (squamous) of the epidermis

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32
Q

define cilia

A

motile apical cell projections made of microtubules

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33
Q

what type of junctions are associated with heart muscle?

A

gap junctions

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34
Q

what is the basis of immunohistochemistry?

A

specific antibody-antigen binding in the cell membrane, cytoplasm, or nucleus

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35
Q

exocrine glands

A

connected to epithelial surface by a duct, secrete onto body surface or into body cavity

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36
Q

stratum spinosum

A

thickest layer of epidermis; contains live keratinocytes and langerhans cells

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37
Q

Tissue with variable rate of renewal, no dedicated blood supply (diffusion from connective tissue), integrity maintained by cell adhesion molecules/juctional complexes, basal lamina, function determined by polarity

A

epithelial

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38
Q

cells of CT proper

A

fibroblasts

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39
Q

what type of epithelium are goblet cells most commonly found?

A

pseudostratified

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40
Q

location of synovial membranes

A

line joint cavities (produce fluid within joint)

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41
Q

epithelium type of auditory tube

A

pseudostratified epithelium

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42
Q

epithelium type of lung alveoli

A

simple squamous

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43
Q

epithelium type of male urethra ducts

A

stratified cuboidal

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44
Q

from what cells do hemangiosarcomas arise?

A

endothelial vessel cells

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45
Q

what are the positives of osmium?

A

preserves cell closest to in vivo state, stains fats/lipid-containing materials black

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46
Q

cells of adipose

A

adipocytes

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47
Q

main forms of epithelial tissue

A

external and internal surfaces; glands

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48
Q

what is trabecular bone?

A

the spongy interior portion of bone

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49
Q

features of the epithelium of the small intestine

A

circular folds (“supervilli”), villi(w/ crypts), microvilli, simple columnar

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50
Q

location of serous membranes

A

line body cavities closed to the body exterior (peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial)

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51
Q

what are osteoblasts?

A

cells in bone that lay down new bone

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52
Q

what are traberculae?

A 
intersecting spaces 
(site of hematopoesis/marrow) in trabecular bone
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53
Q

Giemsa/Wrights

A

stain for peripheral blood smears

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54
Q

location of cutaneous membranes

A

the skin

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55
Q

embryologic germ of most soft tissue

A

mesoderm

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56
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

variable rate of renewal, no dedicated blood supply (diffusion from connective tissue), integrity maintained by cell adhesion molecules/juctional complexes, basal lamina, function determined by polarity

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57
Q

from what cells do basal cell carcinomas arise?

A

cells of the stratum basale

58
Q

embryologic germ of body cavities

59
Q

extracellular matrix of adipose?

60
Q

what are lacunae?

A

the open spaces within cartilage/bone

61
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue in the body?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

62
Q

types of connective tissue proper?

A

loose (areolar), dense regular, and dense irregular

63
Q

Merkel cells

A

tactile cells of the epithelium

64
Q

role of connective tissue

A

supports, connects, and separates other types of tissues/organs

65
Q

sections of muscularis propia

A

inner circular muscle layer and outer longitudinal muscle layer

66
Q

muticellular gland with a duct?

A

multicellular exocrine

67
Q

where is dense irregular connective tissue found?

A

reticular (deep) layer of dermis

68
Q

stratum corneum

A

layer of dead keratinocytes on surface of epidermis

69
Q

epithelium type of sinuses

A

pseudostratified

70
Q

epithelium type of ductus deferens

A

pseudostratified epithelium

71
Q

what are osteocytes?

A

multi-nucleated cells in bone that maintain nutrition to the bone and ground substance (collagen and elastic fibers)

72
Q

what are adenocarcinomas?

A

tumors that arise from gland tissue

73
Q

sections of the GI tract lined by squamous epithelia

A

esophagus and anus

74
Q

epithelium type of kidney tubules

A

simple cuboidal

75
Q

portal triad

A

3 branches associated with digestive function in hepatic lobules; branches of bile duct, portal vein, artery

76
Q

what is the pathology of albinism?

A

hypopigmentation (decreased melanin production) as a result of congenital defect in tyrosinase

77
Q

main components of connective tissue

A

fibers (elastic and collagenous), cells, ground substance (extracellular matrix)

78
Q

what are haversian canals?

A

network that contains blood vessels in cortical bone

79
Q

epithelium type of bronchi

A

pseudostratified epithelium

80
Q

cells in smooth muscle

A

spindle-shaped cells connected via gap junctions

81
Q

what is cortical bone?

A

the hard outer portion of bone

82
Q

with what type of tissue are tight junctions associated?

83
Q

from what cells do hemangiomas arise?

A

endothelial vessel cells

84
Q

what are the main issues of osmium?

A

penetrates poorly, incompatible with many stains

85
Q

VITAMINC

A 
Vascular
Infectious
Traumatic
Autoimmune
Metabolic
Idiopathic/iatrogenic
Neoplastic
Congenital
86
Q

features of the epithelium of the large intestine

A

intestinal crypts containing goblet cells (no villi), simple columnar

87
Q

melanocytes

A

pigment producing cells of the epidermis; associated with melanoma

88
Q

from what cells do squamous cell carcinomas arise?

A

keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

89
Q

types of epithelial tissue

A

simple, stratified, pseudostratified, transitional

90
Q

5 types of connective tissue

A

CT proper, cartilage, bone, adipose, and blood

91
Q

main digestive function of liver

A

produces bile

92
Q

from what cells do merkel cell carcinomas arise?

A

merkel cells of the stratum basale

93
Q

what is the role of elastic and collagen fibers in connective tissue?

A

provide a medium for oxygen/nutrient/waste diffusion; resists stretching and tearing

94
Q

layers of the dermis (apical to basal)

A

papillary to reticular

95
Q

what is used for embedding in electron microscopy?

A

epoxy resins (epon or araldite)

96
Q

what is the periosteum?

A

the membrane covering the outside of bone

97
Q

what are osteoclasts?

A

cells in bone that “eat” bone

98
Q

cells of blood

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

99
Q

epithelium type of ovary

A

simple cuboidal

100
Q

What is the most standard method for light microscopy?

A

Infiltrated with paraffin, fixed with formalin, stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)

101
Q

what is the purpose of cilia?

A

local defense of tissue and transport of extracellular material

102
Q

transmembrane proteins associated with tight junctions?

A

occludin and claudin

103
Q

embryologic germ of epidermis

104
Q

embryologic germ of lining of GI tract

105
Q

epithelium type of inner reproductive tract lining

A

simple columnar

106
Q

what is the pathology of vitiligo?

A

depigmentation (acquired but possibly multifactorial) loss or decreased activity of melanocytes; possibly auto-immune

107
Q

cells in skeletal muscle

A

multinucleated syncytium formed by fusion of individual cells during development

108
Q

epithelium type of body cavities

A

simple squamous

109
Q

arrector pili

A

muscle in dermis that contracts to raise hair

110
Q

define microvilli

A

apical membrane projections made of actin

111
Q

from what cells do dermatofibrosarcomas arise?

A

fibroblasts

112
Q

stratum granulosum

A

base layer of dead keratinocytes that separates acellular epidermis from cellular epidermis

113
Q

what are chondrocytes?

A

the cells within the lacunae of cartilage, produce elastic fibers found in ground substance

114
Q

what are the best uses for immunohistochemistry?

A

tissue of origin in metastatic disease, markers of cellular events like proliferation/death, narrowing differential diagnoses (estrogen receptors in breast cancer)

115
Q

what are reticular fibers?

A

lace-like type 3 collagen meshwork of connective tissue in lymph nodes/spleen

116
Q

epithelium type of endocrine glands

A

simple cuboidal

117
Q

cells of the epidermis

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans, merkel

118
Q

where do you find ground substance and fibers?

A

the extracellular matrix of CT proper, cartilage, and bone

119
Q

what are the positives of formalin?

A

cross-links membrane proteins by covalent bonding, penetrates quickly, little distortion/destruction, compatible with almost all stains

120
Q

epithelium type of conjunctiva of eye

A

stratified columnar

121
Q

epithelium type of epididymis lining

A

pseudostratified epithelium

122
Q

papillary layer

A

layer of ridges of the dermis interlocking with the ridges of the epidermis

123
Q

Langerhans cells

A

motile antigen-presenting cells of the epidermis

124
Q

difference between squamous mucosa and skin?

A

acellular keratinized layer (stratum corneum)

125
Q

layers of the epidermis (apical to basal)

A

corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale (can lucy get some bagels?)

126
Q

what is the primary fixative of electron microscopy?

127
Q

embryologic germ of connective tissue

A

mesoderm/mesenchyme

128
Q

location of mucous membranes

A

line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

129
Q

features of the epithelium of the appendix

A

similar to colon, but with lymphoid aggregates

130
Q

epithelium type of oral cavity

A

stratified squamous

131
Q

Functions of the skin

A

protective, sensory, thermoregulatory, sex signalling

132
Q

features of the epithelium of the stomach

A

simple columnar, gastric pits

133
Q

from what cells do melanomas arise?

A

melanocytes of the stratum basale

134
Q

what do fibroblasts do?

A

produce elastic and collagen fibers

135
Q

what type of bone makes up the majority of the bone mass in the body?

136
Q

epithelium type of urinary tract

A

transitional

137
Q

where is dense regular connective tissue found?

A

tendons and ligaments

138
Q

pancreatic acini

A

exocrine function of pancreas, “radial complexes” secrete pancreatic juice (enzymes and hormones) into the duodenum

139
Q

types of simple and stratified epithelia

A

squamous, cuboidal, comlumnar

140
Q

what is the purpose of microvilli?

A

increase absorptive cell surface area

141
Q

epithelium type of sweat gland ducts

A

stratified cuboidal

142
Q

what are fibrocytes?

A

inactive fibroblasts

FMS (10 decks)

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