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FMS > [FMS] NAM - vitamins > Flashcards

[FMS] NAM - vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

which vitamins are fat soluble

A

A D E K

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2
Q

which vitamins are water soluble

A

B, C

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3
Q

whats thiamin deficiency disease called

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy/Korsakoff’s psychosis - associated with alcoholism

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4
Q

what do all B vitamins act as

A

co-enzymes in metabolic pathways.

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5
Q

explain storage of water soluble and fat soluble vitamins

A

water soluble = not stored excessively
fat solunle = stored

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6
Q

explain toxicity of water soluble and fat soluble vitamins

A

water soluble = not toxic in excess
fat soluble = can be toxic in excess (A,D)

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7
Q

what is the disease associated to thiamin deficiency

A

presented as Ber Beri which can be:

infantile:
- Sudden onset, cardiovascular symptoms

acute cardiac beri-beri:
- congestive heart failure, enlarged heart, liver, engorged neck veins, sudden heart failure

chronic dry beri-beri:
- symmetrical ascending peripheral neuropathy
- weakness, numbness, ataxic gait, painful extremities

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8
Q

what is Wernicke’s encephalopathy

A

Synptoms include confusion, ataxia, polyneuropathy, disorientation in space and time.

^ it untreated can progress to Korsakoff’s psychosis

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9
Q

what is the role of B1 thiamin

A

TPP coenzyme in oxidising pyruvate to acetyl CoA

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10
Q

what is the role of B2 riboflavin

A

FAD, FMN in redox reactions

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11
Q

what is the role of B3 Niacin

A

NAD, NADP in redox reactions

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12
Q

what is the role of B6 pyridoxine?

A

aa metabolism + haem synthesis

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13
Q

what is the role of B9 folate

A

carrier of 1C units in purine/ pyrimidine synthesis/ aa metabolism

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14
Q

what is the role of B12 Colbalmin

A

carrier of methyl groups in aa metabolism

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15
Q

what is the role of B5 pantothenic acid

A

component of coA (CoASH)

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16
Q

what is the role of B7 biotin

A

prosthetic group for carboxylations

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17
Q

what is the role of VIT C

A

antioxidant, hydroxylation of proline/lysine in collagen formation, reduction of Fe in stomach

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18
Q

what is the role of vit A

A

protein synthesis

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19
Q

what is the role of VIT E

A

prevent oxidation of saturated/unsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes

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20
Q

what is the role of VIT D

A

maintains calcium/ phosphate levels in blood

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21
Q

what is the role of VIT K

A

blood clotting

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22
Q

what is B1 called

A

thiamin

how to memorise - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlPK74eBgQY&ab_channel=NaturallyDevereaux

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23
Q

what is B2 called

A

riboflavin

how to memorise - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlPK74eBgQY&ab_channel=NaturallyDevereaux

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24
Q

what is B3 called

A

Niacin

how to memorise - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlPK74eBgQY&ab_channel=NaturallyDevereaux

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25
Q

what is B6 called

A

pryidoxine

how to memorise - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlPK74eBgQY&ab_channel=NaturallyDevereaux

26
Q

what is B9 called

A

folate

how to memorise - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlPK74eBgQY&ab_channel=NaturallyDevereaux

27
Q

what B12 called

A

cobalamin

how to memorise - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlPK74eBgQY&ab_channel=NaturallyDevereaux

28
Q

what is B5 called

A

pantothenic acid

how to memorise - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlPK74eBgQY&ab_channel=NaturallyDevereaux

29
Q

what is B7 called

A

biotin

how to memorise - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlPK74eBgQY&ab_channel=NaturallyDevereaux

30
Q

what are the clinical conditions associated with vitamin A

A

night blindness, keratinization of the cornea, blindness

how to remember it: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=se0nhCflf1I&ab_channel=MedicoselecturesbyJ.D

31
Q

what are the clinical conditions associated with vitamin D

A

rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults

how to remember: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=se0nhCflf1I&ab_channel=MedicoselecturesbyJ.D

32
Q

what are the clinical conditions associated with vitamin E

A

haemolytic anaemia, muscular dystrophy

33
Q

what are the clinical conditions associated with vitamin C

A

scurvy, impaired wound healing, anaemia

how to remember:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=se0nhCflf1I&ab_channel=MedicoselecturesbyJ.D

34
Q

what are the clinical conditions associated with thiamine

A
  • Wernicke’s encephalopathy > Korsakoff’s psychosis
  • accumulation of lactate in muscles
  • beri beri

how to remember: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJLhh6DgKso&ab_channel=NaturallyDevereaux

35
Q

what are the clinical conditions associated with B3 niacin

A

pellagra, dermatitis, diarrhoea, dementia

how to remember:
B3 causes 3Ds (dermatitis, diarrhoea, dementia)

36
Q

what are the clinical conditions associated with pyroxidine

A

secondary in treatment with isoniazid

how to remember: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=se0nhCflf1I&ab_channel=MedicoselecturesbyJ.D

37
Q

what are the clinical conditions associated with folic acid

A

pernicious anaemia megaloblastic

how to remember: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=se0nhCflf1I&ab_channel=MedicoselecturesbyJ.D

38
Q

what are the clinical conditions associated with B12

A

megaloblastic anaemia

how to remember: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=se0nhCflf1I&ab_channel=MedicoselecturesbyJ.D

39
Q

whats the benefit of taking B6 in excess

A

treatment of seizures

Down’s syndrome

autism,

pre-menstrual tension syndrome (PMS)
(with variable success)

how to remember: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=se0nhCflf1I&ab_channel=MedicoselecturesbyJ.D

40
Q

whats the benefit of taking VIT C in excess

A

cholesterol turnover, male fertility, cancer prevention

41
Q

whats the benefit of taking VIT E in excess

A

reduces cancer risk

42
Q

whats a hazard of taking VIT A in excess

A

dermatitis, hair loss, mucous membrane defect, thinning and fracture of bones

43
Q

whats a hazard of taking VIT D in excess

A

hypercalcemia, GI tract disturbances, calcification of soft tissues

44
Q

how many b vitamins are there?

A

8

remember the letter B looks like 8

45
Q

what are the names of the B vitamins

A

B1 = Thiamin
B2 = Riboflavin
B3 = Niacin
B5 = Pentothenic Acic
B5 = Pyroxidine
B7 = Biotin
B9 = Folate
B12 = Cobalmin

HOW TO REMEMBER:
1,2,3__5,6,7__9,12

and then the acronym “Then Ronaldo Nicknamed Penaldo Played Ball For Chester”

46
Q

Explain the pathway of folate.

A

folate -> dihydrofolate -> reduced to tetrathydrofolate (this is the active form). Latter reaction catalysed by DHF reductase.

Tetrahydrofolate enters a pool of 1-C derivatives. They’re all interconvertible. However you cannot reconvert methyl THF so it taken out of the pool.

If you have vitamin B12, you take methyl group off meTHF and add this to homocysteine you get methionine.

THF is now returned to the active form and can be reused.

The different THF derivatives are used to synthesise purines, pyrimidines and amino acids.

47
Q

what happens if you have a deficiency of B12 in the pathway of folate?

A

if you have a deficiency of B12 you cannot reconvert MeTHF into THF and this is known as the methyl trap. = folate deficiency.

48
Q

what is Methotrexate an inhibitor of?

A

dihydrofolate reductase (DHF reductase) and this is used to block the synthesis of tetrahydrofolate.

49
Q

what is methotextrate used in?

A

Chemotherapy

As immunosuppressant in autoimmune diseases

Ectopic pregnancies

50
Q

how do megaloblastosis occur?

A
  • If you are deficient in B12/folate you have large, immature erythrocytes.
  • B12 and folate needed for thymidylate synthesis and therefore DNA
51
Q

What are the neurological changes caused by inadequate myelin sheath?

A
  • numbness fingers hands and forearms
  • tingling hands and feet
  • loss of position sense
  • unsteadiness, ataxia, confusion, moodiness, depression.
  • spinal cord, brain and peripheral nerve lesions.
52
Q

What are the benefits of megadoses of vitamin C?

A

It is said to help cholesterol turnover, immune function, male fertility, cancer prevention, Se and Fe utilisation, physical working capacity.

53
Q

Risks of megadoses:

A
  • Oxalate (major metabolite) kidney stones in susceptible individuals
  • Diarrhoea
  • Systemic conditioning = you condition yourself to a certain level and then you take less (which may be sufficient for other people) and you become deficient.
54
Q

What are the primary and secondary causes of deficiency of fat soluble vitamins?

A
  • Primary:
    • dietary deficiency
    • low fat diet - (usually by choice in developed societies)
  • Secondary:
    • fat malabsorption
55
Q

What are the active forms of vitamin A

A
  • retinoic acid - acts as a hormone
  • retinal - in vision
  • Beta carotene - antioxidant
56
Q

which form of vitamin A aids in scotopic vision?

A

11-cis retinal

57
Q

what is the most potent type of vitamin E

A

a-tocopherol

58
Q

what is a source of vitamin A

A

Vegetable oils especially wheat germ oil, nuts, green vegetables.

Canned and frozen foods severely depleted

includes family of tocopherols

59
Q

which vitamins is a naturally occuring antioxidant

A

vitamin E

60
Q

which vitamins are antioxidants

A

C, E, A

FMS (33 decks)

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