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FMS > [FMS] NAM - anaerobic metabolism > Flashcards

[FMS] NAM - anaerobic metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

what is this?

A

glucose

to differentiate between a and b glucose, remember ‘abba’

Alpha Below carbon 1
Beta Above carbon 1

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2
Q

what is this?

A

glycogen

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3
Q

what is this?

A

pyruvate

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4
Q

what is this?

A

lactate

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5
Q

what is the function of glucose

A
  • osmotically active
  • Immediate energy source
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6
Q

what is the function of glycogen

A

Low osmolarity
Medium term fuel source

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7
Q

what is anaerobic metabolism also known as?

A

glycolysis

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8
Q

what happens in glycolysis

A

glucose C6 –> 2 pyruvate C3

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9
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

cytosol

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10
Q

which tissues does glycolysis take place in

A

all tissues

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11
Q

what are the 2 functions of glycolysis

A
  • ‘energy’ trapping (ATP synthesis)
  • intermediates for fat and amino acid synthesis
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12
Q

what are the 3 sources of glucose for glycolysis

A

Sugars & starch from diet

Breakdown of stored glycogen from the liver

Recycled glucose (from lactic acid or amino acids or glycerol)

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13
Q

what are the 4 stages of glycolysis

A

-activation (using up ATP)

-Splitting 6C into half

-oxidation(removing 2H atoms)

-synthesis of ATP

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14
Q

what is activation stage for glycolysis

A
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15
Q

how are the molecules split in glycolysis

A
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16
Q

what is the oxidation step in glycolysis

A
17
Q

what is the ATP synthesis stages in glycolysis

A
18
Q

what is the first exmaple of substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis

A

both reaction 7 and 10**

19
Q

what is isomerisation in glycolysis

A

isomerisation is the process of changing from one isomer to another, so in the pic below you can see they take the phosphate from 3rd carbon and put it on the 2nd

20
Q

what is another example of substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis

A
21
Q

what is the yield of ATP from glycolysis

A
  • early stages use 2 ATP

-later stages make 4 ATP

-net yield = 2 ATP

-nadh produced

22
Q

which 2 reactions make ATP in glycolysis

A
23
Q

what is anaerobic glycolysis

A

When theres NO O2 or NO MITOCHONDRIA pyruvate is not metabolised to CO2

Pyruvate converted to lactate in order to convert the cofactor NADH back to NAD+

pyruvate + NADH + H+ → NAD+ + lactate

24
Q

the reaction of pyruvate to lactate is catalysed by what reaction?

A

Lactate Dehydrogenase

25
Q

what is the metabolic fate of pyruvate (ie if there is oxygen present - in aerobic conditions)

A

put into TCA cycle

26
Q

how is glycolysis regulated, what kind of control is it under?

A

allosteric control
hormonal control

27
Q

what are 3 specialised functions of ATP in tissues?

A

Skeletal muscle: ATP production during intense exercise

Red blood cells: only pathway for ATP production (no mitochondria)

Brain: major source of ATP (cannot use fats as fuel)

28
Q

is glycolysis catabolic or anabolic?

A

catabolic

29
Q

which energy pathway can function in either aerobic or anaerobic conditions (red cells & skeletal muscle)

A

glycolysis

30
Q

What are the end products of glycolysis under aerobic and anaerobic conditions?

  1. carbon dioxide and lactate
  2. acetyl CoA and lactate
  3. pyruvate and lactate
  4. pyruvate and acetyl CoA
  5. acetyl CoA and pyruvate
A
  1. pyruvate and lactate
31
Q

In which three cell types is the glycolysis pathway of particular importance?

  1. Brain, skeletal muscle, and red blood cells
  2. Adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and red blood cells
  3. Brain, liver, and red blood cells
  4. Liver, skeletal muscle, and red blood cells
  5. Brain, liver, and skeletal muscle
A
  1. Brain, skeletal muscle, and red blood cells
32
Q

The net yield of ATP from anaerobic glycolysis is:

1 ATP per glucose molecule
2 ATP per glucose molecule
4 ATP per glucose molecule
6 ATP per glucose molecule
8 ATP per glucose molecule

A

2 ATP per glucose molecule

33
Q

Which two reactions in glycolysis result in direct production of ATP by substrate level phosphorylation? Those catalysed by:

  1. hexokinase and pyruvate kinase
  2. aldolase and pyruvate kinase
  3. 3-phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase
  4. hexokinase and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase
  5. aldolase and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase
A
  1. 3-phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase
33
Q

when is glycolysis rate increased and why?

A
  • intense muscle work and exercse
  • after high carb meal

^ high insulin levels

34
Q

when is glycolysis rate decreases and why

A

fasting state

^ high levels of glucagon circulating

35
Q

which enzyme can be allosterically controlled

A

phosphofructokinase

36
Q

what molecule can increase/ decrease glycolysis

A
  • ATP and citrate decrease
  • AMP increase

FMS (33 decks)

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