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FOOD TECHNOLOGY > FMB - Lecture 4 > Flashcards

FMB - Lecture 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Refers to an increase in size of all part of the organism.

A

Microbial Growth

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2
Q

It can result from an increase in cell number, cell size, of the amount of substance surrounding cells.

A

Microbial Growth

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3
Q

An increase in the size of a give population.

A

Unicellular Microorganisms / Microbial Growth

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4
Q

It may be expressed as an increased in either the number of individuals or the total amount of biomass.

A

Unicellular Microorganisms / Microbial Growth

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5
Q

Division into two. Asexual reproduction. It has four stages.

A

Binary Fission

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6
Q

Four Stages in Binary Fission:

A
  1. Parent Cell
  2. DNA Duplicates
  3. Cytoplasm Divides
  4. 2 Daughter Cells
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7
Q

Form of asexual reproduction. There must be an outgrowth (bud) that develops on the parent cell.

A

Budding

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8
Q

Division of _______ can be symmetrical or asymmetrical.

A

Budding

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9
Q

Standard bacterial growth curve.

A

Phases of Growth

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10
Q

Making new enzymes in response to new medium. No division is happening.

A

LAG Phase

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11
Q

Adaptation and there is no net increase in bacterial numbers, however, the cells are metabolically active.

A

LAG Phase

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12
Q

Geometric progression.

A

LOG / EXPONENTIAL Phase

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13
Q

Desired for production of products.

A

Exponential / Logarithmic Growth

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14
Q

Can occur for a limited time because of nutrient and gas depletion, waste accumulation, and decrease in ATP generation.

A

LOG / EXPONENTIAL Phase

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15
Q

The time required for a cell to divide.

A

Generation Time

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16
Q

Maintain logarithmic phase of bacteria.

A

Chemostat

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17
Q

Is the continuous flow of media.

A

Chemostat

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18
Q

The period of equilibrium.

A

STATIONARY Phase

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19
Q

Microbial death balance production of new cells.

A

STATIONARY Phase

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20
Q

Population is decreasing at a logarithmic rate.

A

DEATH Phase

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21
Q

Assume a variety of unusual shapes.
- Pleomorphic
- Hard for the microbiologists to identify.

A

INVOLUTION - Death Phase

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22
Q

Methods used to measure microbial growth:

A
  1. Plate Counts (Serial Dilution, Pour/Spread Plates)
  2. Filtration
  3. Most Probable Number Method
  4. Direct Microscopic Count
  5. Flow Cytometry (FACS)
  6. Turbidity

Indirect Method
1. Dry weight
2. Metabolic Activity

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23
Q

Each colony on plate or filter arises from single live cell. Only count live cells.

A

PLATE COUNT

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24
Q

Small volume of liquid, diluted sample pipette on to surface of the medium and spread around evenly by a sterile spreading tool.

A

SPREAD PLATE METHOD

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25
Q

Fixed amount of inoculum (generally 1 ml) from a broth/sample is placed in the center of sterile Petri dish using a sterile pipette.

A

POUR PLATE METHOD

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26
Q

Viable counts are expressed in __________________________ , rather than cells, per unit volume.

A

COLONY FORMING UNITS (CFU)

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27
Q

Ideally only plates with _______ colonies are used.

A

25 - 250

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28
Q

Heavy and confluent growth, greater than 300 colonies.

A

TNTC (Too Numerous To Count)

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29
Q

Countable, 25 - 250 , 30 - 300 colonies.

A

Medium Growth

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30
Q

Few/light growth of colonies. Less than 25 / 30 colonies (1-24).

A

Too Few To Count (TFTC)

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31
Q

Because it is impossible to tell whether colonies are separates.

A

Confluent

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32
Q

Selective / Differential media is used for this method. It has a membrane filter with 45-47 micro filter (utilizes a selectively-permeable membrane).

A

Filtration

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33
Q

Count positive tubes and compare statistical ______ table.

A

Most Probable Number (MPN) / Multiple Test Tubes

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34
Q

Can be used for microbes that will grow in a liquid medium; it is a statistical estimation of microorganisms and it is statistically significant.

A

Most Probable Number (MPN) / Multiple Test Tubes

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35
Q

Need a microscope, special slides, and
high power objective lens. Counts live cells.

A

Direct Microscopic Counts

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36
Q

What is the special slide used for direct microscopic counts?

A

Petroff-Hausser cell counter

37
Q

Formula for Direct Microscopic Counts:

A

Number of bacteria / mL = number of cells counted / volume of area counted

38
Q

It is computer generated. Counts live cells, death cells, and beads.

A

Flow Cytometry / Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)

39
Q

Practical way of monitoring microbial growth. Growth Curve.

A

Turbidity

40
Q

Cells act like large particles that scatter visible light. It also measure both live and dead cells.

A

Turbidity

41
Q

A _____________ sends a beam of visible light through a culture and measures how much light is scattered.

A

Spectrophotometer

42
Q

In turbidity, scales read in either __________ or ____________.

A

Absorbance or % transmission

43
Q

Turbidity: The ____________ is used to plot bacterial growth.

A

Absorbance

44
Q

Compares growth of microorganisms. It has particular estimate per standards.

A

Mcfarland Standard

45
Q

A chemical solution of barium chloride and sulfuric acid. The reaction between these two chemicals results in the production of a fine precipitate, barium sulfate.

A

Mcfarland Standard

46
Q

Used to standardize the approximate number of bacteria in a liquid suspension by comparing the turbidity of the test suspension with that of the ______________________.

A

Mcfarland Standard

47
Q

Indirect ways of estimating bacterial numbers are:

A
  1. Metabolic Activity
  2. Dry Weight
48
Q

This method assumes that the amount of a certain metabolic product, such as acid or CO2, is in direct proportion to the number of bacteria present

A

Metabolic Activity

49
Q
  • For filamentous organisms. Make use of Biomass.
  • The fungus is removed from the growth medium, filtered to remove extraneous material, and dried in a desiccator.
A

Dry Weight

50
Q

FUNGI

A

◼ Eukaryotic
◼ Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic
◼ Chemoheterotrophic - is the term for an organism which derives its energy from chemicals, and needs to consume other organisms in order to live.

51
Q

Study of Fungi

A

Mycology

52
Q

Beneficial and important in Food Chain. They are decomposers and responsible to recycle vital elements.

A

Fungi

53
Q

Forms of Fungi:

A
  1. Yeast
  2. Molds
  3. Dimorphism
54
Q

◼ Unicellular fungi
◼ Fission _______ divide symmetrically
- Schizosaccharomyces octosporus
◼ Budding ______ divide asymmetrically
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A

Yeast

55
Q

Visible structure of molds.

A

Hyphae

56
Q

Macro structure of molds.

A

Mycellium

57
Q

Multicellular fungi.

A

Molds

58
Q

Molds: The fungal thallus consists of ___________.

A

Hyphae

59
Q

Molds: A mass of hyphae is a __________.

A

Mycelium

60
Q

Molds: Nutrients are involved.

A

Vegetative Hyphae

61
Q

Molds: Sexual reproductive.

A

Aerial / Reproductive Hyphae

62
Q

Can change forms: Fungi or Yeast. Temperature dependent.

A

Dimorphism

63
Q

Pathogenic dimorphic fungi are yeastlike at _________ and moldlike at _________.

A
  • yeastlike at 37°C
  • moldlike at 25°C
64
Q

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

A
  • Plasmogamy
  • Karyogamy
  • Meiosis
65
Q

Haploid donor cell nucleus (+) penetrates
cytoplasm of recipient cell (–). Union of Cytoplasm.

A

Plasmogamy

66
Q

+ and – nuclei fuse (union or fusing of nucleus). Differences in genetic material.

A

Karyogamy

67
Q

Diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores).

A

Meiosis

68
Q

Method of Sexual Reproduction:

A
  1. Planogametic copulation
  2. Gametangial contact
  3. Gametangial copulation (gametangiogamy)
  4. Somatogamy
  5. Spermatization:
69
Q

Fusion of two flagellate gametes.

A

Planogametic copulation

70
Q

Planogametic copulation

A
  1. Isogamy
  2. Anisogamy
  3. Oogamy
71
Q

Same morphology, different physiology.

A

Isogamy

72
Q

They are heterogamy.

A

Anisogamy and Oogamy

73
Q

Female is bigger than the male. Both motile.

A

Anisogamy

74
Q

Male is motile, Female is non motile.

A

Oogamy

75
Q

Examples of the following:

  1. Isogamy -
  2. Anisogamy -
  3. Oogamy -
A
  1. Isogamy - Synchytrium
  2. Anisogamy - Allomyces
  3. Oogamy - Monoblepharis
76
Q

Fertilization tube (to transfer nucleus). No Fusion, they will only attach to one another (magdidikit lang). Male - female.

A

Gametangial contact

77
Q

Fusion of entire cell.

A

Gametangial copulation (gametangiogamy)

78
Q

+,- strain of mycelia. Fusion of structures. Formation of hyphae (cells but not nucleus).

A

Somatogamy

79
Q

Formation of spermatia, receptive hyphae. Non-motile gametes.

A

Spermatization

80
Q

Examples of Gametangial contact:

A

Albugo
Pythium

81
Q

Examples of Gametangial copulation:

A

Mucor
Rhizopus

82
Q

Examples of Somatogamy:

A

Agaricus
Peniophora

83
Q

Example of Spermatization:

A

Puccinia

84
Q

Types of Fungi:

A
  1. Chytridiomycota
  2. Zygomycota
  3. Basidiomycota
  4. Ascomycota
85
Q

Zygomycota

A

◼ Conjugation fungi.
◼ Coenocytic.
◼ Produce sporangiospores and zygospores.
◼ Rhizopus, Mucor (Opportunistic, systemic mycoses)

86
Q

Ascomycota

A

◼ Sac fungi.
◼ Septate.
◼ Produce ascospores and frequently conidiospores.
- Aspergillus (opportunistic, systemic mycosis)
- Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum (systemic mycoses)
- Microsporum, Trichophyton (cutaneous mycoses)

87
Q

Basidiomycota

A

◼ Club fungi.
◼ Septate.
◼ Produce basidiospores and sometimes conidiospores.
- Cryptococcus neoformans (systematic mycosis)

88
Q

Chytridiomycota

A

◼ commonly known as chytrids
◼ Aerobic zoosporic fungi
◼ coenocytic
◼ Reproduce asexually by forming motile zoospores

FOOD TECHNOLOGY (9 decks)

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