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FMB - Lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

CELL THEORY

A
  1. All organisms are made up of one or more cells.
  2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization that perform life functions.
  3. All cells derived from pre-existing cells.
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2
Q

The ___________ grew out of the work of many scientists and improvements in the microscope. Many scientist contributed to this.

A

Cell Theory

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3
Q

First to see cells (corks cells) in a microscope.

A

Robert Hooke

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4
Q

First to see organisms moving in pond water he place under microscope (animalcules).

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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5
Q

1838 - Concluded all plants were made of cells.

A

Matthias Schleiden

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6
Q

1839 - Concluded all animals are made up of cells.

A

Theodor Schwann

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7
Q

1855 - New cells can only be produced from the division of existing cells. This completed the 3rd statement of the new “Cell Theory” of life.

A

Rudolf Virchow

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8
Q

________ small unit which exhibits all the characteristics of life.

A

Cell

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9
Q

Basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known organism.

A

Cell

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10
Q

Functions of Cell

A
  • Basic unit of life.
  • Synthesis molecules.
  • Communication.
  • Cell metabolism and energy use.
  • Reproduction and inheritance of (DNA).
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11
Q

French Biologist that first distinguish prokaryote and eukaryote 1937.

A

Edouard Chatton

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12
Q

Prenucleus

A

Prokaryote

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13
Q

True nucleus

A

Eukaryote

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14
Q

Three Domains of Life by Carl Woese

A

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

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15
Q

SIZE

Average size.

A
  • 0.2 - 2.0 micrometer in diameter.
  • 2 - 8 micrometer in length.
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16
Q

SHAPE

Basic shape.

A
  • Spherical coccus
  • Rod-shaped bacillus
  • Spiral shaped
    • Vibrio - comma shaped
    • Sprillum - wavy shaped
    • Spirochetes - cork screw shaped
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17
Q

_____ are much smaller that eukaryortic cells.

A

Bacteria

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18
Q

Shape of the bacterium is determined by _______.

A

Heredity

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19
Q

ARRANGEMENTS

Pairs

A
  1. Diplococci
  2. Diplobacilli
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20
Q

ARRANGEMENTS

Chains

A
  1. Streptococci
  2. Streptobacilli
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21
Q

ARRANGEMENTS

Clusters

A
  1. Tedrad
  2. Sarcinae
  3. Staphylococci
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22
Q

The substances that surrounds the cell. It is viscous and gelatinous polymer that contains polysaccharides and polypeptide.

A

Glycocalix

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23
Q

It is outside the cell wall and can protect cell against dehydration. It’s viscosity may inhibit the movement of nutrients out of the cell.

A

Glycocalix

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24
Q

If the substances is organized and firmly attached to the cell wall and can be seen through negative staining.

A

Capsule

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25
Q

Unorganized and unattached. The source of nutrition and is also a biofilm.

A

Slime layer

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26
Q

Degree of a pathogen that cause disease.

A

Bacterial Virulence

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27
Q

Capsule also prevent phagocytosis.

A

glycocalix

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28
Q

Protect, facilitate, and enables the cell to survive.

A

Extracellular polymeric substance.

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29
Q

This is located outside the cell wall. Half of the know bacteria are motile and capable of movement because of this.

A

Flagella

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30
Q

Three basic parts of Flagella.

A
  1. Filament
  2. Hook
  3. Basal body
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31
Q

Constant in diameter. Contains flagellin (protein) arranged in several chains that intertwined and form a helix around a hollow core.

A

Filament

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32
Q

Support the filament and the basal body.

A

Hook

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33
Q

Anchor flagella in the cell wall and plasma membrane.

A

Basal Body

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34
Q

Contains single flagella.

A

Monotrichous

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35
Q

Both side of the bacteria have flagella

A

Amphitrichous

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36
Q

Tough of flagella from one pole.

A

Lophotrichous

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37
Q

Flagella is distributed on the entire cell.

A

Peritrichous

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38
Q

Bacteria that lacks flagella and no projections.

A

Atrichous

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39
Q

The ability of an organism to move by or by itself.

A

Motility

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40
Q

One direction or smooth movement of bacteria.

A

Swim or run

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41
Q

Interrupted change of direction.

A

Tumble

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42
Q

Advantage of motility.

A

It enables the bacteria to move towards a favorable environment or away from an adverse one.

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43
Q

Function of motility.

A

Rotate flagella to run or tumble.

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44
Q

The movement of a bacterium towards or away a particular stimulus.

A

Taxis

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45
Q

Four types of taxis.

A
  1. Chemicals
  2. Light
  3. Attractant / +
  4. Repellent / -
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46
Q

Stimuli taxis of chemicals.

A

Chemotaxis

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47
Q

Stimuli taxis of light.

A

Phototaxis

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48
Q

Flagellar proteins.

A

H-antigens

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49
Q

Useful for distinguishing among serovars within a species of gram-negative bacteria.

A

H-antigens

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50
Q

This chemotactic signal will go towards the stimulus.

A

Attractant

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51
Q

This chemotactic signal will tumble away from the stimulus.

A

Repellent

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52
Q

Motility structure of and archaean.

A

Archaella

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53
Q

Consist of glycoproteins

A

Archaellins

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54
Q

These are bacteria that have unique structure and motility because the move through axial filament.

A

Spirochetes

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55
Q

Other term for axial filament.

A

Endoflagella

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56
Q

Bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of a cells beneath an outer sheet and spiral around the cell. (Anchored at one end of the cell.)

A

Endoflagella

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57
Q

Rotation causes cell to move. The type of movement is similar to the way a cork screw moves through a cork.

A

Axial filament

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58
Q

Use for attachment. Tiny hollow projections as they are used to attached bacteria to surfaces. It also does not involve movements.

A

Pili

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59
Q

Pili is composed of _____ that is subunit of proteins.

A

Pilin

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60
Q

Two kinds of Pili.

A
  1. Conjugation Pili or Sex Pili or F Pili
  2. Attachment Pili or Fimbriae
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61
Q

Can be found only in certain groups of bacteria. It attached two cells and responsible for the transfer of genetic materials.

A

Conjugation Pili

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62
Q

This help bacteria adhere to surface like cell surface. Could also contribute to the pathogenecity of certain bacteria.

A

Fimbriae

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63
Q

Complex semi-rigid structure which is responsible for the shape of the bacteria.

A

Cell wall

64
Q

If the cell walls is digested away by a particular enzymes, it became ______ in shape.

A

Sperical

65
Q

Prevents cell from bursting or osmotic lysis.

A

Cell wall

66
Q

Point of anchorage of flagella.

A

Cell wall

67
Q

Mirror the image of each other.

A

Sterioisomer

68
Q

Gram positive cell wall characteristics.

A
  1. Thick peptidoglycan.
  2. Teichoic acids.
  3. In acid-fast cells, it contains mycolic acid.
69
Q

Gram negative cell wall characteristics.

A
  1. This peptidoglycan.
  2. No teichoic acids but has lipopolysaccharide.
  3. Has an outer membrane.
70
Q

Negative charge because of the phosphate group.

A

Teichoic Acid

71
Q

Two types of Teichoic Acids.

A
  1. Lipoteichoic acid
  2. Wall teichoic acid
72
Q

It pans the peptidoglycan layer until the plasma membrane.

A

Lipoteichoic acid

73
Q

Linked in the peptidoglycan layer.

A

Wall teichoic acid

74
Q

Movement of cation and responsible for antigenic specificity (easier to identify).

A

Teichoic Acid

75
Q

Consist of one or very few layers of peptidoglycan but still consist of __________________.

A

Gram Negative: Outer Membrane

76
Q

Outer Membrane

A
  • Lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids.
  • Protection from phagocytes, complement, antibiotics
  • Barrier to digestive enzymes such as lysozyme, detergents, heavy metals, bile salts, and certain dyes.
  • Porins (proteins) form channels through membrane
77
Q

Large complex molecule that contains lipids and carbs.

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

78
Q

Lipid portion of the LPS and is embedded in the top layer of the outer membrane.

A

Lipid A

79
Q

Its role is structural—to provide stability

A

core polysaccharide

80
Q

It functions as an antigen. Also, it is useful for distinguishing species of gram- negative bacteria.

A

0 polysaccharide

81
Q

Transport metabolite inside cytoplasm and mostly observed in gram negative bacteria.

A

Periplasmic Space

82
Q
  • A gap between the cell membrane and the cell wall
  • Active area of cell metabolism
A

Periplasmic Space

83
Q

Two types of atypical cell walls.

A
  1. Mycoplasmas
  2. Archaea
84
Q

It is a unique plasma membrane and lacks cell walls. It also the smallest known bacteria that can grow and reproduce outside living host cells.

A

Mycoplasmas

85
Q

Mycoplasmas have ______ in plasma membrane.

A

Sterols

86
Q

They are wall-less and lacks D-amino acid.

A

Archaea

87
Q

Archaea have wall of pseudomurein or __________________ intstead of NAM.

A

N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid

88
Q
  1. Do not have cell wall, instead it has sterols.
  2. Presence of cell wall and mycolic acid.
A
  1. Mycoplasmas
  2. Mycobacterium
89
Q

Gram positive bacteria that has thick with 60% lipid and contains much less peptidoglycan. It also has a waxy lipid in the form of mycolic acid.

A

Acid-fast bacteria

90
Q

Catalyzes hydrolisis of the bonds between sugars and the repeating disaccharides.

A

Lysozyme

91
Q

Digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan.

A

Lysozyme

92
Q

_______ is a wall-less Gram positive cell. It is spherical and is still capable of carrying on metabolism.

A

Protoplast

93
Q

_______ is a wall-less Gram-negative cell. It’s a spherical structure containing the cellular contents, plasma membrane, and remaining outer wall layer.

A

Spheroplast

94
Q

Types of Antibiotics

A
  1. Penicillin (Gram +)
  2. Beta lactams (Gram -)
95
Q

Inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan.

A

Penicillin (Gram +)

96
Q

L forms are wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes.

A

Penicillin (Gram +): Proteus

97
Q

It is a living membrane and forms boundary between cell and environment. Also, it is dynamic and constantly changing.

A

Plasma membrane or Cytoplasmic membrane

98
Q

Proteins attached in carbohydrates.

A

glycoproteins

99
Q

Lipids attached in carbohydrates.

A

glycolipids

100
Q

Three components of Phospholipids.

A
  1. Glycerol
  2. Fatty acid tails
  3. Phosphate group
101
Q

Have both hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

A

Amphipathic

102
Q

Major Molecules of Phospholipid

A
  1. Lipids
  2. Cholesterol
103
Q

Water-loving and is soluble in water. It is polar.

A

Hydrophilic Head

104
Q

It is non-polar, water-fearing, and insoluble in water.

A

Hydrophobic Tails

105
Q

Semi-permeable which indicates that certain molecules and ions are allowed to pass through the membrane.

A

Plasma membrane

106
Q

Membrane is as viscous as olive oil. It allows membrane proteins to move freely enough to perform their functions without destroying the structure of the membrane.

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

107
Q

Proteins move to function and phospholipids rotate and move laterally.

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

108
Q

Functions of Plasma Membrane:

A
  1. Serve as a selective barrier through which materials enter and exit the cell.
  2. Selective permeability (semipermeable)
  3. Breakdown of nutrients and the
    production of energy.
109
Q

Catalyzing the chemical reactions that break
down nutrients and produce ATP.

A

Plasma Membrane

110
Q

Photosynthetic pigments on folding called _______________.

A

chromatophores or thylakoids

111
Q

The artifacts of Plasma membrane.

A

Mesosomes

112
Q

It is vital to bacterial cells.

A

Plasma Membrane

113
Q

Plasma Membrane distrupts:

A
  1. Alcohols
  2. Quaternary Ammonium - Disinfectants
  3. Polymyxins - Group of antibiotics that cause leakage of the intracellular contents that would lead to subsequent death of cells.
114
Q

Substances cross the membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Do not require the cell to expend energy

A

Passive

115
Q

Examples of Passive:

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Facilitated Diffusion
116
Q

Require the use of energy in the form of ATP
to move substances from areas of low
concentration to areas of high concentration.

A

Active

117
Q

Net (overall) movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. EQUILIBRIUM – even distribution

A

Simple Diffusion

118
Q

Integral membrane proteins function as channels or carriers that facilitate the movement of ions or large molecules across the plasma membrane -transporters or permeases.

A

Facilitated Diffusion

119
Q

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

120
Q

The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane.

A

Osmotic pressure

121
Q

Behavior of cells in fluid environment.

A

Tonicity

122
Q

No net movement of water occurs.

A

Isotonic solution

123
Q

Water moves into the cell resulting of swelling and bursting of cell.

A

Hypotonic solution

124
Q

Water moves out of the cell, causing cytoplasm to shrink (plasmolysis).

A

Hypertonic solution

125
Q

A process by which cells absorb external material by engulfing it with the cell membrane

A

Endocytosis

126
Q

Is a form of active transport and bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules out of the cell. requires energy.

A

Exocytosis

127
Q

Substances of the cell inside the plasma membrane. 80% is water, contains proteins particularly enzymes.

A

Cytoplasm

128
Q

Thick aqueous soup of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and inorganic salts and is surrounded with plasma membrane.

A

Cytoplasm

129
Q
  • Series of fibers in the cytoplasm
  • MreB and ParM, cresetin, and FtsZ
  • Cell division, cell shape, cell growth, DNA movement
A

Cytoskeleton

130
Q

Polyribosomes
* Spherical, stain densely, and contain a large subunit and a small subunit.

A

Ribosomes

131
Q

Serve as sites for protein synthesis.

A

Ribosomes.

132
Q

Large subunit of ribosomes.

A

50s, 23s, and 5s

133
Q

Small subunit of ribosomes.

A

30s and 16s

134
Q

Contains a single long, continuous, and frequently circularly arranged thread of double-stranded DNA called the bacterial chromosome.

A

Nuclear region / Nucleoid

135
Q

Carries all the information required for the cell’s structures and functions.

A

bacterial chromosome

136
Q

CLOSE CIRCULAR CHROMOSOME

1989 – 2 circular chromosomes was observed

A
  • Rhodobacter sphaeroides
  • Agrobacterium rhizogenes
  • Agrobacterium tumefaciens – one close one linear
  • Brucella suis
  • Vibrio cholerae – one large and 1⁄4 size of the first
137
Q

Transferable and small circular molecule of DNA. Also known as jumping genes.

A

Plasmids and Integrons

138
Q

Plasmids and Integrons carry genes for activities such as:

A

Antimicrobial resistance, toxins, enzymes

139
Q

Can survive adverse environmental condition for a long period of time.

A

Endospores

140
Q
  • Resting cells
  • Bacillus, Clostridium
  • Resistant to desiccation,bheat, chemicals
A

Endospores

141
Q

Endospore formation

A

Sporulation

142
Q

Return to vegetative state

A

Germination

143
Q

Macro-molecular network. Also known as murein.

A

Peptidoglycan

144
Q

Polymer of disaccharide

A

*N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
*N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
*Short peptide chain

145
Q

Linked by polypeptides –adjacent rows

A

Peptidoglycan

146
Q

They maintain a single shape.

A

Monomorphic

147
Q

It has many shapes.

A

Pleomorphic

148
Q

Easily remove from the membrane by maltreatments.

A

Peripheral proteins

149
Q

This can be remove from the membrane only after distrupting the lipid bilayer.

A

Integral proteins

150
Q

Penetrate the whole membrane completely.

A

Transmembrane proteins

151
Q

Some ________ are channels that have pores and holes whicg substances enter and exit.

A

Integral proteins

152
Q

Useful for distinguishing among serovars within a species of gram-negative bacteria.

A

H-atingens

153
Q

PROKARYOTIC CELL

A
  1. Small and Simple
  2. Nucleus is absent
  3. Circular DNA
  4. Reproduced sexually and asexually
  5. Single haploid chromosome
154
Q

EUKARYOTIC CELL

A
  1. Large and Complex
  2. Nucleus is preseny
  3. Linear DNA
  4. Reproduced sexually
  5. Paired diploid chromosome
155
Q

Lipid Inclusions
Sulfur granules
Magnetosomes

A

Energy reserve lipids
Energy reserve
Iron oxide

FOOD TECHNOLOGY (9 decks)

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