FMB - Lecture 3 Flashcards
The science of the classification of organisms, with the goal of showing evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Bacterial Taxonomy
Bacterial Taxonomy includes:
- Classification
- Nomenclature
- Identification
The orderly arrangement of units.
Classification
Naming of units.
Nomenclature
Unit of classification through classification and nomenclature.
Identification
Swedish botanist and the father of taxonomy.
Carolus Linneaus
Produced an extensive system of classification for both plants and animals. (started specifically in flowers).
Carolus Linneaus
He created systema naturae.
Carolus Linneaus
- Greek philosopher and biologist
- First to classify organisms according to their structural similarities.
- Developed the 1st widely accepted system of Biological classification
Aristotle
He created the 2 kingdom system.
Aristotle
Can prepare their own foods.
Autotrophs - Plantae
The are after the autotrophs and cannot prepare their own food.
Heterotrophs - Animalia
The great chain of being by Aristotle.
Two kingdom system
PLANTAE
- Algae
- Fungi
- Bacteria
ANIMALIA
- Porifera
- Mollusca
- Chordata
He did not clear prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Ernst Hackel
He created the three kingdom system.
Ernst Hackel
Living being are classified on the basis of unicellularity and multicellurity in ______ kingdoms.
Three Kingdom System
THREE KINGDOM SYSTEM
- Protista
- Plantae
- Animalia
To describe bacteria.
Procariotique
To describe animal and plant cells.
Eucariotique
He classified prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
Edouard Chatton
He created the four kingdom system.
Herbert Copeland
The two super kingdom in four kingdom system.
- Prokaryota
- Eukaryota
The four kingdom in four kingdom system.
- Monera
- Protista
- Animalia
- Plantae
He created the five kingdom classification system.
Robert Whittaker
The levels of the cellular organization in five kingdom classification system are:
prokaryotic, unicellular eukaryotic, and multicellular eukaryotic.
The principal modes of nutrition in five kingdom classification system are:
photosynthesis, absorption, and ingestion.
He created the three domain classification system.
Carl Woese
The three domain in three domain classification system.
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eucaryota
This has pseudopeptidoglycan, and more related to eukaryotes. They also share common ancestors.
Archaea
Loves extreme environment and does nt have effects on foods.
Archaea
Taxonomic ranks or levels in ascending order.
Species - E. coli
Genus - Escherichia
Family - Enterobacteriaceae
Order - Enterobacteriales
Class - y-Proteobacteria
Phylum - Proteobacteria
Domain - Bacteria
Three characteristics used in Bacterial Taxonomy.
- Conventional Classification
- Numerical Classification
- Phylogenetic Classification
This is to observe and analyse genetic. Examples of this are cell shape, cell size, colonial morphology, and staining behavior.
Convention Classification
- Numerical Taxonomy.
- The used of dendogram.
Numerical Classification
Evolutionary relationship/arrangement of species.
Phylogenetic Classification
Molecular methods under genetic homology are:
- Base composition (GC ratio)
- Nucleic acid hybridization
- Ribosomal RNA sequence analysis
- Protein profiles and amino acid sequences
Diagram representing a particular three. Illustrates arrangements of clusters.
Dendogram
́Assigns each organism two names.
́Binomial Nomenclature
They govern one of the nomenclature codes for biology.
ICNB - International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria or also known as Bacteriological Code (BC)
Identification includes this where 2 choices are given.
́Dichotomous key
Under Dichotomous key are:
- Cellular morphology
- Stain
- Motility
- Growth
- Biochemical
- Serological
- Analysis of products
It contains 12 agar.
EnteroPluri-Test / Enterotube
It is used to classify bacteria based on their
structural and functional attributes by
arranging them into specific familial orders.
Bergey’s Manual
He created the Bergey’s Manual.
David Hendricks Bergey
Classifies bacteria via evolutionary or genetic relationships.
Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
Classifies bacteria by cell wall composition, morphology, biochemical tests, differential staining, etc.
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
They are prokaryotes with 70s ribosomes and it contains peptidoglycan cell walls.
Bacteria
For energy, they use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis.
Bacteria
For reproduction they are Vegetative, Sexual, and
Asexual.
Bacteria
They are eukaryotes with 80s ribosomes.
Fungi
Fungi have this on their cell walls.
Chitin
- Yeasts are ___________
- Molds and mushrooms are ___________
- unicellular
- multicellular
For reproduction they are sexual and asexual. And uses organic chemicals for energy.
Fungi
Three common types of fungi:
- Rhizopus (bread molds)
- Aspergillus
- Penicillum
They are eukaryotes and absorbs of ingest organic chemicals.
Protozoa
́May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
Protozoa
_________ can reproduce sexually or asexually
Protozoa
The host of virus are __________
Bacteria
They are acellular and consist of DNA and RNA core.
Virus
Core is surrounded by protein coat. Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope.
Virus
___________ are replicated only when they are in a living host cell.
Virus
Viruses contains:
Viroids - RNA
Prions - Proteins
Examples of Virus:
Hepatitis A virus
Hepatitis E virus
Norovirus
Nipah Virus
Primary Sources of Microorganism found in foods are:
- Soil
- Water
- Air
- Food
- Handlers
- Utensils and equipment
- Cross contamination
- spore forming bacteria
- fecal microorganisms
Soil
- fecal microorganisms
Water and Food
- conveyer of microorganisms
Air
- coliforms
- Staphylococcus aureus
Handlers
First to classify organisms according to their structural similarities.
Aristotle
Developed the 1st widely accepted system of biological classification.
Aristotle
Does not have murein/peptidoglycan on cell wall.
Archaebacteria
