Fluids and Electrolytes Pathophysiology & Nursing

Question 1

Hypovolemia [pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, management, nursing management, surgical interventions]

Answer 1

Pathophysiology: v hydostatic pressure & fluid transport > v renal blood flow > ^ sodium > fluid retention
Risk factors: Nil by Mouth, Polypharmacy, Chronic diseases, Trauma, Surgery
Clinical manifestations: Changes in mental state, Acute weight loss, Restless, anxious, Postural hypotension, thirst, col clammy skin, concentrated urine, weak pulse rate
Management: IV fluids
Nursing management: vitals, mucus membrane, FBC, capillary refill, energy levels, orbit of eyes, daily weigh

Question 2

hypervolemia [pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, management, nursing management, surgical interventions]

Answer 2

Risk factors: heart failure, renal failure
Clinical manifestations: weight gain, cardiovascular symptoms, oedema, respiratory symptoms
Management: medication, catheter
Nursing management: vitals, fbc, medications (diuretics), daily weigh, dietary/fluid restriction
Pathophysiology: cause, v urine concentration > ^ secretion of water > v excess secretion of sodium

Question 3

dehydration [pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, management, nursing management, surgical interventions]

Answer 3

Pathophysiology: causative agent > increase concentration > increase osmolarity > ^ sodium levels > retention in kidneys
Risk factors: prolonged fever, renal failure, watery diarrhoea, hyperglycaemia
Clinical manifestations: irritability, confusion, dizziness, weakness, thirst, fever, dry skin and MM, sunken eyeballs
Management: fluid intake, oral or IV
Nursing management: vitals, temp, weight, mental alertness