Fluid therapy

Question 1

what are the dehydration groups?

Answer 1

0-5% - no clinical signs
5-6% - subtle skin tent
6-8% - skin tent, slightly sunken eyes
10-12% - major skin tent, sunken eyes

Question 2

what are crystalloids?

Answer 2

water based solutions that easily leave the intravascular fluid and enter body compartments

Question 3

are the three concentrations of crystalloids?

Answer 3

• isotonic
• hypertonic
• hypotonic

Question 4

what are colloids?

Answer 4

large molecules which increase oncotic pressure of plasma, hold fluid in the intravascular space and increase volume

Question 5

what are the two types of colloids?

Answer 5

• natural - whole blood, packed red blood cells, and fresh frozen plasma
• synthetic - used in shock cases (hydroxyethyl starches and gelatins)

Question 6

what are hypertonic crystalloids?

Answer 6

• 8x the osmolality of plasma
• pull water from the interstitial and intracellular space into the intravascular space
• not to be used for dehydrated patients

Question 7

what are isotonic crystalloids?

Answer 7

• distribute to the intravascular and interstitial space but do not change intracellular volume (hartmanns)
• used for hypovolaemia, dehydration, and ongoing losses

Question 8

what are hypotonic crystalloids?

Answer 8

• fluid will move into the interstitial and intracellular space
• used for primary water loss and dehydration with no hypovolaemia present
  -do not provide electrolytes

Question 9

what are the three areas of extracellular body fluids?

Answer 9

• interstitial (surrounding cells)
• intravascular (in the plasma of blood)
• transcellular (CSF, synovial, lymphatic and GI tract secretions

Question 10

what happens when there is a loss of hydrogen ions?

Answer 10

metabolic alkalosis

Question 11

what does a loss of bicarbonate ions result in?

Answer 11

metabolic acidosis

Question 12

how does respiration control acid base balance?

Answer 12

increase in RR will increase pH by increasing excretion of CO2

Question 13

how do the kidneys control acid base balance?

Answer 13

secrete hydrogen into urine rather than sodium and conserving bicarbonate to increase blood pH

Question 14

how do buffers control acid base balance?

Answer 14

a solution composed of a weak acid and its conjugate base that can be used to stabilize the pH of a solution