Blood transfusions Flashcards
what are some indictions that a blood transfusion is needed?
- destruction of RBCs (IMHA)
- loss of blood
- decrease in RBC production (neoplasia, iron deficiency)
what is regenerative anaemia?
anaemia due to loss or destruction of RBCs
what is non-regenerative anaemia?
anaemia due to inadequate erythropoiesis
what are some clinical signs that a RBC transfusion is needed?
- tachycardia and tachypnoea
- prolonged CRT
- hypotension
- mm colour
- unresponsive to crystalloid or colloid therapy
what is whole blood?
- contains all blood components (RBC, WBC, coagulation factors, albumin, globulins, electrolytes)
- platelets not viable after 72hrs
what are packed red blood cells?
- contain RBC, WBC, nonviable platelets, and a small amount of plasma
- used to improve oxygen-carrying capacity
what are plasma products?
- can control specific coagulopathies and decrease blood loss
- contains call coagulations factors, albumin and immunoglobulins
what is frozen plasma?
- does not contain altered clotting factors
- must be used within 4 years
what is cryoprecipitate?
- thawed until slush like frothy appearance, then centrifuged
- ideal for treating haemophilia A and von willebrand disease
what is an example of when to give whole blood?
haemorrhage
what is an example of when to give packed red blood cells?
lack of production or destruction of RBC (IMHA)
what are some requirements of being a dog blood donor?
- fit and healthy
- weigh more than 25kg
- between 1 and 8 years old
- good temperament
- vaccinated
- not on any medication
what determines blood types in dogs?
dog erythrocyte antigens
how many primary recognised antigens are there in dogs?
7
what are some requirements of being a cat blood donor?
- fit and healthy
- between 1 and 8 years old
- weigh more than 4kg
- up to date with vaccinations
- never had a blood transfusion
what are the blood types in dogs?
- A
- B
- AB
how should blood products be warmed?
warm water bath (37)
what infusion rate should be used for blood transfusions for the first 30 minutes?
0.25ml/kg/hr
what can blood transfusion rate be increased to if no. reactions have been seen in the first 30 mins?
5-10ml/kg/hr over 1-4hrs
how much whole blood does it take to raise a PCV reading by 1%?
2ml/kg
how much packed red blood cells does it take to raise a PCV reading by 1%?
1ml/kg
what is the formula for calculating the amount of whole blood required for transfusion?
volume (ml) = (desired PCV - actual PCV/donor PCV) x 80(dog) or 60(cat) x BW(kg)
what is the desired PCV for a cat and a dog?
cat - 30%
dog - 35%
what are some clinical signs of a reaction to a blood product?
- pyrexia
- tachy/bradycardia
- hypotension
- cyanosis
what is a haemolytic transfusion reaction?
- most serious
- immune mediated
- antibodies present in the recipient’s plasma destroying the donor’s red blood cells
what is a febrile reaction?
- immune mediated
- occur due to an antibody reaction against donor leucocytes or platelet antigens
what is a urticarial reaction?
- immune mediated
- occur due to binding of the antigen from the donor’s blood products to preformed antibodies bound to the recipient’s mast cells and basophils
what is a non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema?
- immune mediated
- WBC antigen reactions
what is sepsis?
- non-immune mediated
- occur due to bacterial contamination of the blood product
what is circulatory overload?
- non-immune mediated
- occur due to administration of a large volume of blood or very rapid administration
what is citrate toxicity?
- non-immune mediated
- occur due to the rapid administration of products with citrate anticoagulants which can cause hypocalcemia
what is hyperammonemia?
- non-immune mediated
- results from excessive accumulation of ammonia during the storage of blood products
