Fluid therapy Flashcards
Dextrose is considered _________ free
Electrolyte
The composition of Hartmann’s Solution is similar to what?
Extracellular fluid
What is an electrolyte?
A mineral dissociated from a salt that carries an electrical charge (an ion)
What two organs have the highest proportions of water?
Brain and kidneys
What makes up about 60 percent of the total water in the human body?
Intracellular fluid
What is fluid tonicity?
The concentration of asolutionas compared to another solution
The ideal IV fluid would be _______, meaning that it would not alter the osmolality of the fluid compartment
Isotonic
IV fluid therapy may consist of infusions of:
Crystalloids and/or colloids
What are three indications for IV fluid therapy?
- Fluid resuscitation (increase circulating volume)
- As a vehicle for IV drugs
- “KVO” – to keep vein open – this is when IV fluids are flowing just enough to keep the IV open for future use
What are crystalloids made up of?
Water and electrolyte solutions
Crystalloids will cross a ________ membrane
Semi-permeable
What are examples of crystalloids?
- Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
- Dextrose
- Hartmann’s solution AKA Ringer’s lactate
- PlasmaLyte
What are three indications for sodium chloride?
- IV fluid resuscitation and replacement of salt loss e.g. vomiting and diarrhoea
- Diluting drugs
- Diluting packed red blood cells prior to transfusion
What can be a complication of sodium chloride IV infusion in too large a quantity?
Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis
What are the indications for use of dextrose?
- Maintain water balance for those unable to take anything by mouth
- Post-operatively in conjunction with salt-retaining fluids e.g. normal saline
- Often used as part of variable rate intravenous insulin infusion
What is hypernatraemia?
A high concentration of sodium in the blood
The composition of Hartmann’s Solution is similar to what?
Extracellular fluid
What can be complications from dextrose infusion?
- Iatrogenic hyponatramia in surgical patients
- Hyperglycaemia
- Not compatible with blood products
What does iatrogenic mean?
Relating to illness caused by medical examination or treatment
What are the indications for use of Hartmann’s Solution?
- Fluid resuscitation including intraoperative fluid loss
- Severe hypovolaemia
What are complications associated with Hartmann’s Solution?
- May cause infusion-site numbness
- Not compatible with blood products
What should be done if an IV infusion is not compatible with blood products?
A new IV giving set will need to be set up if changing between the two
PlasmaLyte is mainly used as what?
A good paediatric maintenance fluid
What are the indications for use of PlasmaLyte?
- Fluid resuscitation including intraoperative fluid loss
- Severe hypovolaemia
Colloids initially stay almost entirely within __________
The intravascular space
Colloids can leak out of the intravascular space in cases of:
Severe trauma or sepsis
What is a completely natural colloid?
Albumin
What are the indications for using albumin?
- Emergency treatment of shock (especially due to loss of plasma)
- Acute management of burns
- Fluid resuscitation
- Treatment for hypoalbuminaemia
What is pruritus?
Itchy skin
What are known side effects of albumin?
- Pruritis
- Anaphylactic reactions
- Coagulation abnormalities
What name is given to a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes (less water) than another?
Hypertonic
Match the IV cannula colour with the correct size
Blue - 22
Pink - 20
Green - 18
Grey - 16
Orange - 14
What is the name for when injected fluid enters the subcutaneous tissue rather than the vessel as intended?
Extravasation
How much fluid does the average adult require per day?
25-30mls/kg
Plasma is stored within the ______ fluid compartment.
Intracellular
