Fluid Management Flashcards
What are methods of fluid intake?
-drinking
-food
-metabolism
What are methods of fluid output?
-urine
-faeces
-respiration
-skin
What is fluid maintenance value?
50ml/kg/day
What are sensible losses, what is the range for this?
-fluid output from urine and faeces
-the body can adjust to the fluid losses
30-40ml/kg/day
What are insensible losses, what is the range for this?
-fluid output from the skin and respiration
-body cannot adjust from the loses
10-20ml/kg/day
What is degradation of fluids?
-animal has problems balancing input and output of fluid
-can cause dehydration
-initially fluid is lost from the blood
What are the 3 main ways of assessing hydration?
-clinical examination
-urine testing
-blood testing
What is a clear sign of dehydration that can be seen when carrying out an examination?
Skin tenting
Should return to normal within 1-2 seconds
What urine analysis is carried out in patients?
-amount of urine being passed
(1-2ml/kg/hr)
-specific gravity ranges
(1.015-1.045 / 1.035-1.060)
What blood tests can be carried out for urine patients?
-PCV
(37-55 / 24-45)
-creatinine
-haemoglobin
-electrolyte levels
What is metabolic acidosis, and signs shown?
-where an acid state in the body occurs due to altered metabolism, unable to excrete acid or losing excess alkali
-diarrhoea, renal failure, shock.
What is metabolic alkalosis, and signs shown?
-where an alkaline state is the body occurs due to altered metabolism, and losing excess acid
-vomiting stomach contents
What is respiratory acidosis, and signs shown?
-where an acid state in the body occurs when respiratory system cannot excrete acid
-respiratory obstruction, acute respiratory failure, anaesthetic problems
What is respirator alkalosis, and signs shown?
-where an alkaline state in the body occurs when respiratory system loses excess acid
-pain, stress, hyperthermia
How is the volume of fluid administration calculated?
Maintenance volume (+deficit volume) (+volume of ongoing losses)
When is a deficit volume used, and what is the formula?
-required when animal is dehydrated
-10ml/kg/1% dehydration
When is volume of ongoing losses used, and what is the formula used?
-replaces fluids loss through ongoing vomiting, diarrhoea, or plasma loss through burns/scalds
-4ml/kg/vomit to diarrhoea or %burns
How is fluid rate calculated?
Fluid volume/day = fluid volume/hour
/24 hours
Fluid volume/hour = fluid volume/minute
/60 minutes
Fluid/minute x drops/ml = drops/minute
60 seconds = 1 drop every x seconds
/drops/minute
What are the 3 replacement fluid solutions?
-crystalloids
-colloids
-blood/blood products
What does crystalloids solution contain and when is it used?
-solution containing water and electrolytes
-used to rectify fluid and electrolyte loss, and balance abnormal body pH
What is colloids solution and when is it used?
-solution containing large molecules, such as plasma expanders
-anaemia patients (dogs only)
When is whole blood fluids provided?
-haemorrhage
-anaemia
-haemolysis
When is plasma fluids provided?
-burns
-hypovolaemia
What are the 5 routes of administration?
-oral
-intravenous, cephalic, saphenous, jugular, ear
-sub cutaneous
-intraperitoneal
-intraosseous
Advantages and disadvantages of providing oral administration?
-not invasive
-anyone can administer
-not as accurate
-may vomit it up
Advantages and disadvantages of providing IV administration?
-accurate
-can deliver large amounts
-invasive
-can be ripped out or tangled
-potential site of infection
Advantages and disadvantages of providing sub-cut administration?
-dont need to be hospitalised
-low skills required
-invasive
-patients not happy with injections
Advantages and disadvantages of providing intraosseous administration?
-can deliver large amounts of fluid
-skilled vet required
How is an IV catheter placed?
-site prep (shave and clean)
-raise vein and stabilise limb
-insert needle at 45 degree angle
-once in vein flush with saline and drawback
-tape catheter into place
-apply bandage
What equipment is needed to set up a drip?
-ppe
-syringe
-needle
-catheter
-tape
-fluid bag
-drip stand
-fluid pump
-bandage material
-swabs
How should drip lines be managed and cared for?
-use sterile materials
-catheter changed every 48-72 hours
-dressing changed as required
-check bag of fluid is right, in date and clear
-check admin site for swelling, bruising or pain
-check line for kinks, blockages and any interference
How should patients receiving fluids be monitored?
-hydration levels
-monitor TPR and mucous membranes
-record urine output and specific gravity
-monitor PCV
-monitor on going losses
-record all findings
What are signs of over-hydration?
-soft moist cough
-dyspnoea, tachypnoea, tachycardia
-lethargy
-runny nose
-decreased PCV
-increased urine output
