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Fundamentals 2 Exam 1 Flashcards > Fluid & Electrolytes Part 3 Flashcards > Flashcards

Fluid & Electrolytes Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis of Hydrogen (H+) concentration in body fluids =

A

Acid Balance

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2
Q

When a hydrogen imbalance occurs, what happens?

A

The H+ shifts between the intracellular & extracellular compartments to compensate for the imbalance

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3
Q

A minor hydrogen change can have major effects on-

A

Cellular Function

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4
Q

For optimal cell function, we need a steady balance of -

A

Acids & Bases

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5
Q

Used to evaluate acid-base balance =

A

Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)

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6
Q

This is an indirect measurement of H+ ion concentration =

A

Arterial pH

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7
Q

What is the arterial pH a result of?

A

Respiratory & Kidney Compensation Function

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8
Q

What is your pH an expression of?

A

The balance between Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Bicarbonate (HCO3)

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9
Q

CO2 is regulated by-

A

The Lungs

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10
Q

HCO3 is regulated by-

A

The Kidneys

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11
Q

The greater the H+ concentration =

A

The more acidic bodily fluids are and the lower the pH

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12
Q

The lower the H+ concentration =

A

More alkaline the bodily fluids are and the higher the pH

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13
Q

The normal pH of Arterial Blood (Serum) =

A

7.35 - 7.45

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14
Q

Whenever your pH is lower than 7.35 it is-

A

Acidosis

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15
Q

Whenever your pH is higher than 7.35 it is-

A

Alkalosis

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16
Q

What is Acidosis?

A

An increase in H+ ions

Lose base (Bicarbonate / HCO3)

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17
Q

What is Alkalosis?

A

A decrease in H+ ions

Gain base (Bicarbonate / HCO3)

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18
Q

When does death occur due to a poor pH?

A

Less than or equal to 6.8

Greater than or equal to 7.8

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19
Q

How do you treat an acid base imbalance?

A

You have to fix whatever the problem is that’s causing the acid base imbalance to fix the acid base imbalance

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20
Q

To maintain acid base balance, what are the 3 different bodily mechanisms to compensate for it?

A

Chemical Buffers (Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate System)

Respiratory Regulation & Compensation

Renal Regulation & Compensation

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21
Q

How do the lungs impact the acid-base balance?

A

The lungs can release or retain acid

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22
Q

How does the Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate System impact the acid-base balance?

A

It can send out chemical buffers to neutralize excess acid or excess base

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23
Q

How do the kidneys impact the acid-base balance?

A

They can either retain or excrete acids and bases

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24
Q

What are the chemical buffers and protein buffers that can be released to regulate acid-base balance?

A

Chemical Buffers = Bicarbonate & Intracellular Fluid

Protein Buffers = Albumin & Globulins

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25
Q

This buffer is the first line of defense for the acid-base balance =

A

Chemical Buffers

26
Q

How do chemical buffers neutralize excess acid or base?

A

They either bind or release hydrogen ions as needed

27
Q

How fast is the response from chemical buffers?

A

It’s a quick response (reacts within seconds of imbalance)

28
Q

What is the benefit of chemical buffers?

A

It allows very little change in your pH and it keeps the ratio of 1 to 20 acid bicarbonate

29
Q

What should your ratio of Carbonic Acid be to your Base Bicarbonate?

A

1 Carbonic Acid to 20 Base Bicarbonate

30
Q

This is the secondary buffer to respond to pH imbalance =

A

Respiratory Buffer

31
Q

This buffer works within minutes =

A

Respiratory Buffer

32
Q

How does the respiratory buffer control hydrogen levels?

A

By the blood via CO2 level control

33
Q

The receptors can sense a change in CO2 level =

A

Chemoreceptors

34
Q

Once Chemoreceptors sense a change in CO2 level, what occurs?

A

A signal is sent to the brain to alter rate and depth of the pt’s respirations

35
Q

What does Hyperventilation do?

A

It blows off excess hydrogen ions thus decreasing hydrogen ions

36
Q

What does Hypoventilation do?

A

Increases hydrogen ions or retains the H+ ions

37
Q

What does carbon dioxide control?

A

Hydrogen levels

38
Q

What is the last buffer to respond to pH imbalance?

A

Kidney Buffers

39
Q

How long do Kidney Buffers take to respond?

A

Much slower to respond (3-5 days)

40
Q

What is the benefit of kidney buffers?

A

It’s more efficient and long-term

41
Q

Kidneys control bicarbonate movement in the -

A

Urine

42
Q

The kidneys can cause bicarbonate to be-

A

Reabsorbed into the bloodstream or excreted in the urine dependent upon the blood levels of H+

43
Q

What can the kidneys produce to impact a hydrogen imbalance if needed?

A

Bicarbonate

44
Q

What can cause bicarbonate reabsorption and production?

A

A higher level of Hydrogen ions

45
Q

If the level of hydrogen is high, what will the pH be?

A

Under 7.35

46
Q

If the level of hydrogen is low, what will the pH be?

A

Over 7.45

47
Q

Impaired renal function =

A

Impaired renal compensation

48
Q

Why is it so important to keep a person who is incontinent dry?

A

Urine is acidic. This can cause pressure ulcers & tissue breakdown

49
Q

The average pH value for urine =

A

A pH of 6

50
Q

What pH would be considered acidic for urine?

A

A pH of 5 or below

51
Q

HCO3 =

A

Bicarbonate

52
Q

What’s the normal pH look like?

A

Between 7.35 and 7.45

53
Q

What’s the normal pCo2 look like?

A

35-45 mm Hg

54
Q

What’s the normal po2 look like?

A

80-100 mm Hg

55
Q

Sao2 =

A

Less than 95%

56
Q

What should a base deficit look like?

A

-2

57
Q

What should base excess look like?

A

+2 mEq/L

58
Q

Where is an ABG drawn from?

A

Straight from the artery

59
Q

Who can carry out a ABG?

A

A Lab Tech

A Respiratory Tech

60
Q

Whenever a lab tech or respiratory tech finishes taking an ABG, how long do they need to hold pressure for?

A

Five Minutes

61
Q

What needs to be done if an ABG sample is not taken straight to the lab and there’s any kind of delay?

A

The sample needs to be put on ice

62
Q

What are the different types of acid-base imbalances?

A

Respiratory Acidosis
Respiratory Alkalosis
Metabolic Acidosis
Metabolic Alkalosis

Fundamentals 2 Exam 1 Flashcards (18 decks)

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