Fluid Electrolytes ABG-2nd Review Flashcards
Weight gain is s/sx of what fluid_______?
Fluid excess
Weight loss is s/sx of what fluid_______?
Fluid deficit
Slow bounding pulse is s/sx of what fluid______?
Fluid excess
Elevated BP is s/sx of what fluid ______?
Fluid excess
Decreased Hematocrit is s/sx of what fluid______?
Fluid excess
Decreased Serum Na is s/sx of what fluid _______?
Fluid excess
Decreased urine specific gravity is s/sx of what fluid______?
Fluid excess
Increase urine volume is s/sx of what fluid ____?
Fluid excess
Rapid, weak, thready pulse is s/sx of what fluid______?
Fluid deficit
Low, orthostatic hypotension is s/sx of what fluid_____?
Fluid deficit
Increased Hematocrit
Fluid deficit
Increased Serum Na
Fluid deficit
Increase urine specific gravity
Fluid deficit
Decreased urine volume
Fluid deficit
Localized swelling (feet, hands, periorbital area, ascites)
Fluid excess
Pale, gray, or red skin color
Fluid excess
Lethargy possible seizures
Fluid excess
Pulmonary congestion, cough, rales
Fluid excess
Sunken eyes, soft
Fluid deficit
Decreased skin turgor, dry mucous membranes
Fluid deficit
Fatigue, weakness, dizziness, possible stupor
Fluid deficit
Increased body temperature
Fluid deficit
What is the normal range of Potassium
3.5-5 meq/L
Bananas, citrus fruits, raisins, lentils, cantaloupe, strawberries, and tablets are sources for?
Potassium
Function: Regulation of intercellular fluid, nerve conduction, and muscle contraction. Has the biggest effect on the heart.
Potassium
Dysthymia
Muscle weakness, fatigue
Nausea, anorexia, paresthesia, polyuria, nocturia
s/sx of?
hypokalemia
Diarrhea, malnutrition, drug/hormone (diuretics, glucocorticoids, aldosterone, insulin) causes
hypokalemia
Dysrhythmia/arrest muscle weakness, fatigue, paralysis Nausea, diarrhea Paresthesia Oliguria s/sx of?
hyperkalemia
Renal failure
Drugs/hormones (low aldosterone, K-sparring diuretics), third spacing (crush/burn injuries)
hyperkalemia
What is the normal range of Calcium?
9-10.5 mg/dL
Sources of food: dairy,dark leafy (kale, okra, spinach), dried beans, fish with bones
Calcium
Function: bone/teeth strength, nerve membrane stability, muscle contraction, metabolic processes (blood clotting)
Calcium
Who is calcium’s BFF?
Vitamin D, they go everywhere togeether. Without Vitamin D calcium is useless.
Who does calcium have an inverse relationship with?
Phosphorus, when calcium is high phosphorus is low.
stabilizes the sodium channels inside neurons which help prevent random depolarization, when there is too much of it, the sodium channels can’t open and the neuron cant depolarizes and fire.
Calcium
two signs of hypocalcemia that NCLEX love to test.
positive Trosseaus sign- blood pressure cuff is inflated for a prolonged period of time (3-5 minutes) which irritates the nerves.Since the nerves and muscles were already hyperstimulated from the lack of calcium, the hand and fingers will twitch and flex.
positive Chvosteks sign-tap over the facial nerve. with hypocalcemia, the neurons are over stimulated causing muscle-twitches in the face when they are tapped.
s/sx Skeletal muscle excitation (spasm, twiching) Positive Chvostek Positive Trousseaus sign cramps; tingling fingers Cardiac muscle weakness (arrhythmias, hypotension) confusion, irritability hyperactive DTR
Hypocalcemia
Causes of what? hypoparathydroidism Malabsorption syndrome decrease serum albumin Alkalosis
Hypocalcemia
s/sx Generalized weakness (anorexia, nausea, constipation, lethargy, bone pain, fractures) Polyuria Thirst Kidney stones Prolonged/strong cardiac contraction arrhythmias, hypertension
Hypercalcemia
Causes of what? Hyperparathyroidism Bone cancer Immobility Excessive intake of milk/antacids
Hypercalcemia
Sources: dietary, processed/canned foods, salted nuts
sodium
Function: fluid regulation, nerve conduction, muscle contraction
sodium
The normal level of sodium is
135-145 meq/L
Anorexia Nausea Muscle cramps Abdominal cramps Fatigue Lethargy Muscle weakness Headache Confusion Seizures (brain swelling) hypotension
hyponatremia
Excessive loss (sweating, diarrhea, vomiting; use of some diuretics, low salt diet, hormonal imbalance, renal failure)
hyponatremia
S/sx Thirst, dry sticky tongue Weakness, lethargy, agitation Increased body temperature Flushed skin and increase urine output
hypernatremia
Causes: Excessive intake Watery loss (diarrhea, loss of thirst mechanism prolonged period of respiration
hypernatremia
What is the normal level of magnesium?
1.3-2.1 mEq/L
Sources such as green leafy vegetables, nuts, seeds, whole grains
Magnesium
Regulates the parathyroid hormone release (PTH)
and inhibit neurons and muscles
Magnesium
inhibits release of PTH therefore release of calcium is also reduced.
S/sx Tremors Insomnia Personality change Increased heart rate Arrythmias Increased DTR
Hypomagnesemia
Causes Overuse of diuretics DKA Hyperparathyroidism Hyperaldosteronism
hypomagnesemia
s/sx Depressed neuromuscular function Decreased DTR Lethargy Cardiac Arrythmias
hypermagnesemia
Causes
Renal failure
hypermagnesemia
