Chapter 1 Book and Study Questions Flashcards
concerns the causative factors in a particular disease
etiology
the number of new cases of a disease in a given population noted within a stated time period
Incidence
a condition that triggers onset or exacerbation of disease
Precipitating factor
new secondary or additional problems that arise after the original disease begins
Complication
the probability of specific outcomes
Prognosis
refers to a disease caused by the actions of a health care worker, including treatment, diagnosis, or failure to recognize complications
Iatrogenic
occurs when one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type that is functiona
Metaplasia
referred to as cancer and involve dysplastic tissues.
Malignant neoplasms
programmed cell death
Apoptosis
an area of ischemic and necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria
Gangrene
indicates a short term illness that develops quickly with marked signs such as fever or severe pain.
For ex. acute appendicitis
Acute disease
Milder conditions devleoping gradually such as rheumatoid arthritis but it persist for a long time and usually cause more permanent tissue damage. Often marked by intermittent acute episodes
Chronic disease
Occurs when there are higher than expected number of cases of infectious diseases within a given area
Epidemic
Higher number of cases in many regions of the globe
Pandemic
decrease in the size of cells resulting in a reduced tissue mass.
Common causes: reduced used of the tissue, insufficient nutrition, decreased neurologic or hormonal stimulation and aging.
ex. shrinkage of skeletal muscle that occurs when limb is immobilized for several weeks.
Atrophy
Increase in the size of the individual cells in an enlarged tissue mass
ex. consistent exercise on skeletal muscle leads to enlarged muscle mass
Hypertrophy
Increased number of cells resulting in an enlarged tissue mass.
Hyperplasia
Occurs when one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type.
Sometimes an adaptive mechanism that provides more resistant tissue
Metaplasia
Tissue in which the cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei are frequently present, and the rate of mitosis is increased.
May result from chronic irritation infection or precancerous change.
Detection of dysplasia is the basis of routing screening tests for atypical cells such as pap smears.
Dysplasia
“new growth” and neoplasm called tumor
two types:
malignant
benign
Neoplasia
Cellular changes-
a decrease in size of a leg after being in a cast for 6 weeks
atrophy
Cellular changes-
breast enlargement at puberty
hyperplasia
Cellular changes-a dramatic increase in muscle mass in an Olympic weight lifter
hypertrophy
Cellular changes-a very aggressively growing cancer mass
neoplasia
Cellular change-benign tumor growing along the spine
neoplasia
Cellular changes-the changes that occur in the lower extremities of some paralyzed below the waist.
atrophy
Cellular changes-a pressure is under a poorly fitting denture
atrophy
Cellular changes-the changes that often occur over years in the respiratory tract of a smoker
metaplasia
Cellular changes-the changes responsible for an abnormal Pap smear
dysplasia
Cellular changes-the response of the skeletal system to excessive growth hormone
hyperplasia
Cellular changes-the thyroid gland’s response to hypersecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone.
metaplasia, neoplasia, dysplasia
Cellular changes-the liver’s response to prolonged drug intoxication (e.g. chronic alcohol abuse)
hyperplasia
Cellular changes-the changes that occur in the gallbladder with the development of gallstones
hypertrophy
Cellular changes-the thyroid gland’s response to decreased iodine intake
hyperplasia
Cellular changes-the effect of decreased pituitary function on the adrenal glands
atrophy
Cellular changes-the development of callus on the hands of an individual involved in heavy physical labor
hyperplasia
Which of cellular adaptation is considered the most dangerous?
Dysplasia; maybe a forerunner of neoplasia
what is the significance of anaplasia
Failure of cells to differentiate or develop specialized features; a term applied to grading malignant tumors
Eight causes of cellular damage
- ischemia- decreased supply of O2 blood to. a tissue or organ d/t circulatory obstruction
- Physical agents (extreme temperature, radiation exposure)
- Mechanical damage
- Chemical toxins
- Pathogen
- Abnormal metabolites
- Nutritional deficits
- Fluid electrolyte imbalances
a tumor
neoplasia
number of new cases of diseases
incidence
worsening of disease
exacerbation
death rate
mortality
tissue enlargement caused by an increase in cell number
hyperplasia
tissue death
necrosis
development of a disease
pathogenesis
the study of the cause of a disease
etiology
a specific local change in tissue
lesion
a condition that continues for a prolonged period
chronic
originating inside the body
endogenous
condition in which cells fail to develop specialized features
anaplasia
condition with sudden onset and severe symptoms
acute
tissue enlargement due to increased cells size
hypertrophy
shoveling snow on a cold day (may cause heart problems)
precipitating factor-condition that triggers an acute episode
unknown cause
idiopathic
a condition resulting in atypical cervical cells
dysplasia
disease caused by a treatment procedure
iatrogenic
contagious condition
communicable
objective indicator of a disease
sign
substitution of one mature cell type with a different cell type
metaplasia
originating outside the body
exogenous
decreased O2
hypoxia
