FLUID, ELECTROLYTE AND ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS

Question 1

a substance, usually a liquid that is produced by the body and consists of water and dissolved solutes

Answer 1

body fluid

Question 2

an increased blood osmolarity stimulates what receptor in the hypothalamus?

Answer 2

osmoreceptors

Question 3

a decreased blood osmolarity stimulates what receptor in the hypothalamus?

Answer 3

atrial volume receptors

Question 4

decreased activity of baroreceptors in blood vessels or increased release of renin in the kidneys is due to

Answer 4

decreased blood pressure

Question 5

an increased release of renin in the kidneys is an increase formation of what?

Answer 5

angiotensin II formation

Question 6

what are the two main solutes in extracellular fluid?

Answer 6

sodium ions, and chloride ions

Question 7

what hormone increases the amount of water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Answer 7

ADH

Question 8

synthesis of ADH is increased by what cells in the hypothalamus?

Answer 8

neurosecretory cells

Question 9

late distal tubules and collecting ducts of kidneys become more permeable to water which increases water absorption is due to?

Answer 9

an increase of ADH from posterior pituitary gland

Question 10

hormone increase sodium ions reabsorption in the late distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys which relieves the Na+ deficiency in the plasma

Answer 10

Aldosterone

Question 11

promotes natriuresis which leads to loss of more water in urine and decrease blood volume and blood pressure (ANP)

Answer 11

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

Question 12

an occurrence which increases excretion of
Na+ into the urine

Answer 12

natriuresis

Question 13

ADH promotes insertion of water-channel proteins into apical membranes of principal cells in collecting ducts to increase permeability of water. What water-channel proteins are these?

Answer 13

aquaporin-2

Question 14

promoting urinary reabsorption of Na+; increases water reabsorption via osmosis; reduce loss of water in urine

Answer 14

Aldosterone

Question 15

hormone that reduces loss of water in urine

Answer 15

aldosterone and ADH

Question 16

if blood plasma is 142 mEq/L in blood plassma and 145 mEq/L in interstitial fluid how much Na+ are there in intracellular fluid?

Answer 16

10 mEq/L

Question 17

if blood plasma is 4 mEq/L in blood plassma and 4 mEq/L in interstitial fluid how much K+ are there in intracellular fluid?

Answer 17

140 mEq/L

Question 18

if blood plasma is 5 mEq/L in blood plassma and 3 mEq/L in interstitial fluid how much Ca+ are there in intracellular fluid?

Answer 18

0.2 mEq/L

Question 19

if blood plasma is 2 mEq/L in blood plassma and 2 mEq/L in interstitial fluid how much Mg2+ are there in intracellular fluid?

Answer 19

36

Question 20

if blood plasma is 100 mEq/L in blood plassma and 117 mEq/L in interstitial fluid how much Cl- are there in intracellular fluid?

Answer 20

3

Question 21

if blood plasma is 24 mEq/L in blood plassma and 27 mEq/L in interstitial fluid how much HCO3- are there in intracellular fluid?

Answer 21

15 mEq/L

Question 22

if blood plasma is 2 mEq/L in blood plassma and 2 mEq/L in interstitial fluid how much (HPO4)2- are there in intracellular fluid?

Answer 22

100 mEq/L

Question 23

if blood plasma is 1 mEq/L in blood plassma and 1 mEq/L in interstitial fluid how much (SO4)2- are there in intracellular fluid?

Answer 23

20 mEq/L

Question 24

if blood plasma is 20 mEq/L in blood plassma and 2 mEq/L in interstitial fluid how much Protein anions are there in intracellular fluid?

Answer 24

50 mEq/L

Question 25

electrolytes in the body fluids

Answer 25

sodium ions (Na+), Chloride ions (Cl-), Potassium ions (K+), Bicarbonate ions (HCO3), Calcium, Magnesium (Mg2+), Phosphate

Question 26

a major homeostatic challenge is keeping the H+ concentration of body fluids at an appropriate level; is of critical importance of normal cellular function

Answer 26

acid-base balance

Question 27

normal Ph range of system arterial blood

Answer 27

7.35 and 7.45

Question 28

normal blood plasma range in systemic arterial blood and in systemic venous blood

Answer 28

22-26 mEq/L; 23-27 mEq/L

Question 29

main regulators of blood HCO3- concentration

Answer 29

kidneys

Question 30

a condition in which blood pH is below 7.35

Answer 30

acidosis (acidemia)

Question 31

a condition in which blood pH is higher than 7.45

Answer 31

Alkalosis

Question 32

what helps blood pH back toward normal range due to metabolic causes?

Answer 32

hyperventilation or hypoventilation (respiratory compensation)

Question 33

what helps blood pH back toward normal range due to respiratory causes?

Answer 33

(renal compensation) secretion of H+ and reabsorption of HCO3- by kidney tubules

Question 34

an abnormally high PCO2 in systemic arterial blood- above 45 mmHg; inadequate exhalation of CO2

Answer 34

Respiratory Acidosis

Question 35

systemic arterial blood PCO2 falls below 35 mmHg

Answer 35

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 36

the systemic arterial blood HCO3- level drops below 22 mEq/L

Answer 36

Metabolic acidosis

Question 37

in metabolic acidosis, what helps to bring blood pH into normal range if the problem is not too severe?

Answer 37

hyperventilation (respiratory compensation)

Question 38

administering intravenous solutions of sodium bicarbonate and correcting the cause of acidosis treatment of __________

Answer 38

metabolic acidosis

Question 39

systemic blood HCO3- concentration is above 26 mEq/L; loss of acid; excess alkaline

Answer 39

Metabolic Alkalosis

Question 40

what brings blood pH back to normal range from metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 40

hypoventilation (respiratory compensation)

Question 41

giving fluid solutions to correct Cl-, K+, and other electrolyte plus correcting the cause of ______

Answer 41

alkalosis

Question 42

inadequate intake of Na+; loss of Na+ in urine, vomit, or diarrhea; impaired ability of the kidneys ot produce dilute urine

Answer 42

hyponatremia

Question 43

often occurs in older adults who chronically use laxatives (for constipation) or who take K+- depleting diuretic drugs for treatment of hypertension or heart desease

Answer 43

hypokalemia

Question 44

decrease production of NH3 by renal tubule cells, which makes it not available to combine with H+ to be secreted as NH4+ in urine

Answer 44

cause of acidosis

Question 45

reduced exhalation of CO2

Answer 45

cause of acidosis

Question 46

main regulators of blood HCO3- concentration

Answer 46

kidneys

Question 47

most abundant mineral in the body; for blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, maintenance of muscle tone, and excitability of nervous and muscle tissue

Answer 47

Calcium

Question 48

Most important regulator of Ca+2 concentration

Answer 48

parathyroid hormone

Question 49

regulate level of HPO42- in blood plasma

Answer 49

parathyroid hormone and calcitriol

Question 50

respiratory acid-base balance range

Answer 50

35 mmHg - 45 mmHg

Question 51

Metabolic Acidosis

Answer 51

22 mmHg- 26 mmHg