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Acute Medical Conditions > Fluid Balance And Blood Products > Flashcards

Fluid Balance And Blood Products Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Fluid balance =

A

Intake-outtake

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2
Q

Total body weight=

A

Body weight x 0.6

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3
Q

What is fundamental for homeostasis?

A

The movement of solutes to help move water

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4
Q

Osmosis causes …

A

Water to shift, aiming for equal solute concentration

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5
Q

What do plasma proteins (albumin, fibrigin,globulins) produce?

A

Oncotic pressure

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6
Q

During inflammation …

A

Proteins leak out due to blood vessel

changes

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7
Q

The arterial end of the capillary has …

A

High hydrostatic pressure and low oncotic pressure

Fluid leaves the capillary

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8
Q

The venous end of the capillary has …

A

Low hydrostatic pressure and high oncotic pressure

Waste products enter the capillary

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9
Q

The biochemical signs of dehydration:

A

Raised urea and normal createnin

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10
Q

The biochemical signs of AKI:

A

Raised urea and raised createnin

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11
Q

What are the ranges of mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

Normal = 70-110mmHg

Poor perfusion =

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12
Q

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) =

A

Cardiac output (CO) x systolic vascular resistance (SVR) + central venous pressure (CVP)

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13
Q

What is the normal value for central venous pressure?

A

3-8 mmHg

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14
Q

What must be considered for pts who are NBM?

A

Does the pt require fluids as they can become dehydrated very quickly

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15
Q

What are the problems with pts who have oedemas?

A

Increased capillary permeability can lead to sepsis and cellulitis
Increased venous pressure can lead to heart failure
Decreased oncotic pressure and albumin can lead to liver disease

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of pulmonary oedema?

A 
Crackling noise
Decreased SpO2
Increased respiratory rate
Shortness of breath
Pink frowfy sputum
17
Q

What is the treatment for pulmonary oedema?

A

Respiratory assessment Supplementary O2
Change of position
Supportive cough
Diuretics

18
Q

Covert compensated =

A

Reduced intravascular volume

19
Q

Overt compensated =

A

Tachy and wide pulse pressure

20
Q

Decompensated =

A

Shock

21
Q

How to manage pts with fluid deficits?

A

Treat cause
Provide fluids - best route, type of fluid, quantity, how quickly
Crystalloid fluids (solutes of lower molecular weight)
Colloid fluids (large molecules which are artificial)
Fluid challenge

22
Q

What are the risks of IV therapy?

A 
Infection
Sepsis
Pain
Bruising
Site tissuing
Air embolus leading to a PE
Fluid going into the tissue instead of the blood vessel
Fluids being given too fast
23
Q

What are some examples of Crystalloid fluids?

A

0.9% Nacl
Hartmanns
5% dextrose

24
Q

What are some examples of colloid fluids?

A

Frozen plasma
Blood
Albumin

25
Q

Why do pts require red blood cell transfusions?

A

Blood loss and to enhance O2 carrying capacity of blood

26
Q

Why do pts with AKI become anaemic?

A

Due to a decrease in decreased erythropoietin

27
Q

The life span of blood is …

A

35 days

28
Q

What is important to remember for women of child bearing age?

A

The blood needs to be cross matched, be Rhesus matched and be Kell-

29
Q

Who is the universal donor and universal recipient for red blood transfusion?

A

Universal donor = O

Universal recipient = AB

30
Q

Who is the universal donor and universal recipient for blood plasma transfusion?

A

Universal donor = AB

Universal recipient = O

31
Q

What are the adverse effects of a blood transfusion?

A

Acute haemolysis due to mismatch
Anaphylaxis due to preservatives in blood
Transfusion associated lung injury (breathless, SOB - can happen hrs after, immediate CXR required)
Urticaria

32
Q

What to look for if a pt is having a reaction to a blood transfusion?

A 
Itch and rash
Broncho spasm
Compromised circulation
Fever/chills
Back pain
Brown urine
Sudden anxiety
33
Q

What is the life span of platelets?

A

5-7 days

34
Q

How long does it take to transfuse platelets?

A

30 minutes

35
Q

Why would a pt require a platelet transfusion?

A

For enhancement of coagulation of blood

36
Q

Why would a pt require a fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusion?

A

For replacement of coagulation factors

37
Q

How long does it take to transfuse fresh frozen plasma (FFP)?

A

30 minutes

38
Q

What is important to remember about a fresh frozen plasma transfusion?

A

Pts can have drastic reactions

Acute Medical Conditions (18 decks)

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