Fluid and Electrolytes

Question 1

Balance between intake and output and movement of water in substances that is dissolved between different compartments

Answer 1

Homeostasis

Question 2

What is the average total body of water for infants

Answer 2

70 - 80 %

Question 3

What is the average total of body of water in children?

Answer 3

65%

Question 4

Lean muscular adults have a total body of water of?

Answer 4

75%

Question 5

What is the average total of body of water for Men and Women?

Answer 5

65 % and 55 %

Question 6

fluid found WITHIN the cell (2/3)

Answer 6

Intracellular (ICF)

Question 7

Fluid found outside the cell (1/3)

Answer 7

Extracellular (ECF)

Question 8

What are the two sub-components of ECF?

Answer 8

Intravascular fluid (plasma) 20%
Interstitial fluid (intercellular) 75%

Question 9

What does a fluid balance consist of ?

Answer 9

fluid intake
fluid distribution
fluid output

Question 10

what is the average fluid intake for an average adult?

Answer 10

2300 ml (but the amount can vary depending on exercise and diet)

Question 11

The movement of fluid among it’s various departments

Answer 11

fluid distribution

Question 12

measurement of the concentration of solutes in body fluids

Answer 12

osmolality

Question 13

What is the greatest determinant of serum osmolality?

Answer 13

Sodium

Question 14

The osmolality of ECF is _______ to that of the ICF

Answer 14

approximate or equal to

Question 15

“pulling pressure”

Power of a solution to pull water across a semipermeable membrane to equalize the solution

Answer 15

Osmotic Pressure

Question 16

“pushing pressure” exerted by a fluid within a closed system on the walls of a container in which it is contained (an example of this is the force exerted by blood against the vascular walls)

Answer 16

Hydrostatic Pressure

Question 17

Develops with changes in normal osmotic hydrostatic pressure differences (occurs when there is an increase in the hydrostatic pressure and decrease in osmotic pressure)

Answer 17

Edema

Question 18

Passive process whereby water moves across a membrane from a lower particle concentration (hypotonic) solution to a higher particle concentration solution

Answer 18

Osmosis ( important in maintaining homeostasis)

Question 19

passive process where molecules move across a semipermeable membrane from a solution of higher concentration to a solution of lower concentration

Answer 19

Diffusion

Question 20

process where fluid + small solutes move together across a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an are of lower pressure

Answer 20

Filtration

Question 21

movement of SOLUTES across cell membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated area. Energy ATP is used. (ex. is a sodium-potassium pump)

Answer 21

Active Transport

Question 22

Due to injury or disease

fluid may shift from the vascular space and become “trapped” in other areas

Answer 22

Third Spacing

Question 23

What is considered sensible fluid intake and fluid loss?

Answer 23

fluid intake ; 2400 - 2700 ml

fluid loss: 2400 - 2700 ml

Question 24

What is considered insensible fluid loss? (loss that can not be perceived or measured by an individual)

Answer 24

2300 2600 ml

Question 25

how much fluid intake does an adult need on average for a day?

Answer 25

30ml/kg/day of fluid

Question 26

the hypothalamus is the primary regulator of body fluid intake due to the ____ mechanism being located here

Answer 26

Thirst Mechanism

Question 27

The ____ are the primary regulator of the body fluid and electrolyte balance and acid base balance

Answer 27

Kidney

Question 28

The most dominate electrolyte in the extracellular fluid and is a major contributor to osmolality

Answer 28

Sodium

Question 29

Where sodium goes _____ goes

Answer 29

water

Question 30

a hormone that regulates water excretion and causes the kidneys to retain fluid

Answer 30

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

Question 31

Pressure sensors in the vascular system stimulate or inhibits the release of ____

Answer 31

ADH

Question 32

A hormone that is produced by the cardiac atrium in response to excess blood volume that stretches the atrial wall. Acts on the nephrons as a potent diuretic to decrease blood volume.

Answer 32

Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)

Question 33

What should be included in the assessment for a fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

Answer 33

Age (very young and old at risk) Environment (excessively hot?) Dietary intake: (fluids, salt, foods rich in potassium, calcium and magnesium) Lifestyle: (alcohol intake history) Medications: (include OTC and herbal, in addition to prescription medications)

Question 34

What medical history should be assessed for risk factors in order to diagnose fluid and electrolyte imbalance?

Answer 34

``` Recent surgery: physiological stress Gastrointestinal output Acute illness and trauma Chronic illness Stress ```

Question 35

Measures the volume in percentage of RBCs in relation to plasma which then changes as blood plasma volume changes. Average in Men 40 - 54% Average in Women 37 - 47%

Answer 35

Hematocrit

Question 36

Measures the amount of all chemical particles dissolved in serum and provides information on the body's water balance. Has an inverse relationship with hydration (when hydration increases ___________ decreases)

Answer 36

Serum Osmolality

Question 37

Protein produced by the liver 35 - 50 g/L | has a sponge like effect

Answer 37

Albumin

Question 38

Important for intracellular metabolism in producing and using ATP. Promotes carbs, fats, and protein metabolism. Powers the Na - K pump. regulates cardiac function. transmit nerve impulses. relaxes muscle contractions

Answer 38

Magnesium (1.5 - 25 mEq/L)

Question 39

what are some food sources for magnesium?

Answer 39

whole grains, nuts, dried fruit, green leafy vegetables, dairy products, tuna fish and chocolate

Question 40

what are some major sources of calcium?

Answer 40

dairy, cheese, yogurt, broccoli, kale, grains, egg yolks

Question 41

Responsible for forming bones and teeth. Aids in the clotting of blood. Transmitting nerve impulses. Regulates cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle contraction. Decreases neuro-muscular irritability

Answer 41

Calcium (8.5 - 10.5 mg/dL)

Question 42

Maintain proper blood volume and pressure. Necessary for maintenance of acid- base via the kidneys. Most of this electrolyte comes from the salt or sodium chloride that you eat.) Easily absorbed by the intestines and it is eliminated through the kidneys.

Answer 42

Chloride (96 - 108 mE/L)

Question 43

Most abundant electrolyte in ECF: 90%. Main determinant of serum osmolality. Necessary to regulate balance of fluid. Kidneys main regulator of sodium re-absorption or excretion (hormones).

Answer 43

Sodium ( 135 - 145 mEq/L)

Question 44

What are some food high in potassium?

Answer 44

oranges, dried fruits, tomatoes, avocados, dried peas, meats, broccoli, bananas, dairy products, whole grains

Question 45

What is important to remember when taking potassium?

Answer 45

Take with food

Question 46

What candy in large amounts can cause hypokalemia?

Answer 46

Licorice

Question 47

Most abundant cation in ICF: maintains fluid inside of the cells. Necessary for nerve impulse transmission, regulates cell excitability. ICF and ECF K+ ration must be maintained. Vital for skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle activity.

Answer 47

Potassium ( 3.5 - 5.3)