Fluid and Electrolyte

Question 1

2 fluid compartments of body

Answer 1

intracellular

extracellular

Question 2

3 parts of extracellular fluids

Answer 2

interstitial
intravascular
transcellular

Question 3

diffusion

Answer 3

movement of molecules from area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
no energy required

Question 4

facilitated diffusion

Answer 4

requires a protein carrier
no energy required
ex: glucose transportation

Question 5

active transport

Answer 5

molecules move against the concentration gradient
uses energy
ex: sodium-potassium pump

Question 6

osmosis

Answer 6

movement of water down the concentration gradient
from area of lower concentration to area of higher concentration
no energy

Question 7

normal Na+ level

Answer 7

135-145 mEq/L

Question 8

normal K+ level

Answer 8

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Question 9

normal Ca+ level

Answer 9

8.5-10.2 mEq/L

Question 10

normal Mg+ level

Answer 10

1.3–2.1 mEq/L

Question 11

normal PO4- level

Answer 11

1.7–2.6 mEq/L

Question 12

normal Cl- level

Answer 12

95–105 mEq/L

Question 13

edema

Answer 13

accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces

Question 14

S/SX of FVD

Answer 14

hypotension
weak, thready pulse
tachycardia

Question 15

S/SX of low protein

Answer 15

weight gain, pulmonary congestion, edema, hypotension, increased HR, weak pulse

Question 16

causes of FVD

Answer 16

diarrhea, hemorrhage, inadequate intake, shift from plasma into interstitial space, diuretics, third spacing, insensible loss

Question 17

causes of FVE

Answer 17

excessive IV fluids, HF, Renal failure, SIADH, Cushing,

Question 18

S/SX of FVD

Answer 18

restless, lethargic, thirst, dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, decreased cap refill, increased HR and RR, postural hypotension, seizure, weight loss

Question 19

S/SX of FVE

Answer 19

bounding pulse, increased BP, HA, peripheral edema, dyspnea, crackles, weight gain, muscle spasms

Question 20

interventions for fluid imbalances

Answer 20

monitor I/O, cardio, respiratory, neuro, daily weight, skin turgor

Question 21

Causes of hypernatremia

Answer 21

IV fluids
hypertonic tube feedings
near-drowning in saltwater
excessive Na+ intake
diabetes insipidus
Cushing

Question 22

Causes of hyponatremia

Answer 22

GI losses
diuretics
burns
wound drainage
fasting diet
SIADH
HF

Question 23

S/SX of hypernatremia

Answer 23

restless, agitated
thirst
decreased BP, increased pulse
flushed
peripheral edema

Question 24

S/SX of hyponatremia

Answer 24

irritability, confused, dizzy
tremors, increased pulse, cold, clammy
N/V, diarrhea, cramps

Question 25

Causes of hyperkalemia

Answer 25

excessive intake
K+ containing/sparing drugs
tumor lysis
crush syndrome
renal disease
ACE inhibitors, NSAIDs

Question 26

Causes of hypokalemia

Answer 26

D- diuretics, diarrhea, drugs
I- inadequate intake
T- too much water intake
C- Cushing's syndrome
H- heavy fluid loss (vomit, sweat, wound drainage, NG suction)

corticosteroids, diuretics, laxatives, chemotherapy

Question 27

S/SX of hypokalemia

Answer 27

"7 Ls"
Lethargic
low, shallow RR
lethal cardiac changes
loss of urine
leg cramps
limp muscles
low BP/HR
confusion
constipation
hypoactive bowel
abdominal distention
decreased DTR

Question 28

S/SX of hyperkalemia

Answer 28

"MURDER"
M- muscle weakness
U- urine production low/absent
R- respiratory failure
D- decreased cardiac contractability (decreased HR)
E- early signs of muscle twitch (cramps)
R- rhythm changes
S- seizures

Question 29

causes of hypercalcemia

Answer 29

"HIGH CAL"
H-hyperparathyroidism
I- increased intake of Ca
G- glucocorticoids
H- hyperthyroidism
C- calcium excretion decreased (thiazides, renal failure, bone cancer)
L- lithium usage

Question 30

S/SX of hypercalcemia

Answer 30

"WEAK"
W-weak muscles
E- EKG changes (short QT, long ST)
A- absent reflexes, absent minded
K- kidney stones

constipation, N/V, anorexia, lethargic, stupor, coma

Question 31

causes of hypocalcemia

Answer 31

"LOW CALCIUM"
L- low PTH
O- oral intake inadequate
W- wound drainage system
C- Celiac's Crohn's (malabsorption)
A- acute pancreatitis
L- low vitamin D intake
C- chronic kidney disease
I- increased phosphorus level
U- using meds (laxative abuse)
M- mobility issues

chronic diarrhea
increased PO4

Question 32

S/SX of hypocalcemia

Answer 32

"CRAMPS"
C- confusion
R- Reflexes hyperactive (increased DTR)
A- arrhythmia
M- muscle spasms/cramps/tetany
P- positive Trousseau
S- sign of Chvostek

numbness, tingling of extremities, laryngospasm, seizure