FLOWERS Flashcards
SIX things they typically have?
Stems
Flower
Leaves
Roots
Transport
Fruits & Seeds
Plants are divided into two parts..
Underground SHOOT system
Overground SHOOT system
4 Roots Functions
Store Food
Transport Materials
Absorb Water
Anchor
Two Root Types
Tap Root
Fibrous Root
Meristem is
An area of cell division.
Apical Stems give and found..
Length increase and found at tip of shoot
Lateral stem give and found
Gives width increase found around edges.
FOUR root Zones
Differation
Elongation
Mersematic
Protection
Differentation Zone
Cells develop into three types
GROUND TISSUE VASCULAR TISSUE DERMAL TISSUE
Elongation Zone
Cells increase in size
Meristematic Zone
Cells are produced by mitosis division
Protection Zone
A root cap protects the cells
Describe Xylem Tracheids
Pits that allow water to pass through
Have a lignin
Thick walls with lignin for support
Long tapered cells
Describe Xylem Vessel
Elongated cells
Spiral lignin for strength
No end wall, continuous tube!
Sideways to allow movement of water
Describe Phloem structure & Companion Cells
Sieve tubes
Mature cells
Has cytoplasm
Controls Nucleus
Stem Function
Support arial parts of plant.
Transport food from roots to leaves.
Transport Water and minerals.
Functions Of TERMINAL BUD LATERAL BUD & LENTICELS
Lenticels : Gas Exchange
Terminal Bud : Grow side branches
Lateral Bud : Increase stem length
LEAF PARTS
• ALL parts in Leaves
• Explain Petiole & What Leaves without them contain.
• What Veins contain.
PARTS : Axillary Bud Node Stem Leaf blade veins
PETIOLE : is the STALK that joins a leaf to a stem.
Leaves without petiole called SESSILE
Veins contain vascular tissue.
4 Leaf Functions
Photosynthesis
Gas Exchange
Transpiration
Store food
XYLEM FUNCTION
TRANSPORT WATER AND MINERALS
PHLOEM FUNCTION
TRANSPORT FOOD
What happens in GROUND TISSUE VASCULAR TISSUE DERMAL TISSUE
Ground : Photosynthesis
Vascular : Transport materials
Dermal : Protect Plant
Venation is
The pattern of veins in a leaf.
Difference between Xylem Phloem
Xylem is dead Phloem is living
Xylem and Phloem both have pits
Xylem is tapered Phloem is not
Phloem is …
LIVING
What is meant by Monocot
When one leaf originates into a seed it becomes a monocotyledon. A dicotyledon splits into two
Monocot & Dicot Differences.
Example
Leaf No.
Vein
Flower Arrangement
Vascular Bundles
And dicotyledon turn into …
MONOCOT
Grass
1
Vein : parallel
flower arrangement : 3-4
vascular bundles : scattered
Dicot
Buttercup
2
Vein : netted
Flower arrangement: 4-5
Vascular bundles: vascular ring
Zones of Root in order & What they do
Differation : Cells DEVELOP
Elongation : Cells increase
Meristematic : Cells produce
Protection : A root cap wall protects
Tracheids and vessels both have (lumen is..)
Hollow lumen
Pits
Cell wall
11 Parts in Flower
Stigma
Anther
Filament
Style
Sepals
Recepable
Petal
Ovary
Ovule
Stamen
Carpel
Pollen
What is a flower?
A flower is a reproductive organ of a flowering plant formed at the buds.
Parts in STAMEN
Petals
Anther
Filament
Parts in CARPEL
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Ovule
7 Life cycle of Gamete Formation In Order
- Gamete Formation
- Pollination
- Fertilastion
- Seed and fruit formation
- Seed and fruit dispersal
- Dormancy
- Germination
What is fertilisation?
The fusion of male and female gametes.
Describe Fertilisation process
A pollen grain lands on the stigma and
starts germinating angrows a
tube.
The tube eventually goes all the way into the ovary to the ovules.
The ovules let out chemicals that stimulate the gametes to the ovary.
Sperm cells move through the tube
into the ovule.
The sperm needs to reach the egg cells.
The nuclei of the sperm reaches
the ovule.
one sperm cells unites
with egg cells.
the other unites with the nuclei
cells.
The fusion happens and you get
A zygote cell which is the fusion of sperm and egg.
The pollen tube disintegrates making the zygote start dividing into many cells and now it is ready to become a baby plant called embryo.
The other fusion male gametes form as a food store for the baby plant.
Formation of male & female gametes
Pollen grains formed where and produced what?
pollen grains are formed in the anther
the pollen grain produces the male gametes.
What is pollination? And the TWO types can be…
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther of the
Stamen to the stigma of the carpel.
SELF pollination
CROSS pollination
Self pollination is…
the transter of pollen from the anther of a flower to a stigma of the same flower.
Cross - Pollination is….
the transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to a stigma of another flower
2 pro’s of Cross - Pollination
Greater variety in the off-spring than self-pollination
Plants that have better chance of survival are often more resistant to disease
For reproduction to occur the pollen grain must reach the
CARPEL
Animal pollinated flowers 5 features and example
Scent
Bright coloured petals
Nectar
Pollen grains sticky
Flower parts that force animal inside
E.g daffodil
Wind pollinated flower 4 features and example of one
Produce huge amount of pollen
Pollen grains light & small
Flower parts release and trap pollen
Eg Dandelion
SEED FORMATION
WHERE DOES ZYGOTE DEVELOP
Embryo
What does the second fertilised cell from fertilisation become?
It develops into an endosperm
The endosperm is the food store for the seed
What do the parts do?
Male
The anther
The filament
Anther : PRODUCES POLLEN GRAINS THAT PRODUCE MALE GAMETES
Filament : SUPPORTS ANTHER & SUPPLIES FOOD & WATER
What do they do?
Female
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Ovule
Stigma : TRAP HOLD POLLEN
Style : CONNECT STIGMA TO OVARY
Ovary : CONTAIN OVULES
Ovules : PRODUCE THE EGGS
Other parts
Petals
Receptacle
Sepals
Nectary
Petals : attract animal pollinators
Receptacle : form base of flower
Sepals : protect flower before it blooms
Nectary : provide food for pollinators
What is dispersal?
The transfer of a seed or fruit or fruit away from parent plant
We need dispersal. It is necessary because….. 4 points
- Avoid large number of seeds competing with each other & parent plant.
- Increase chance of survival for the plant
- Find new areas of growth
- Increase number of species
FOUR METHODS OF DISPERSAL ARE…
Wind
Water
Animals
Self - Dispersal
Wind Disperal
- Orchards produce….
- Dandelions, thistles and clematis produce…
- Sycamore produce……
- produce small light seeds which easily dispel
- produce parachutes devices that help disperse spread more widely
- produce fruit w| wings that spiral
Water Disperal
Coconut trees alders and water lilies have….
have light air filled fruits that float
this allows them to be dispersed by
rivers and seas
Animal disperal
Sticky fruits may cling on animals hair and be carried away.
Burdock goose grass
Self - Disperal
Some fruits have explosive mechanisms that catapult seeds away
example peas beans
WHAT IS DORMANCY.
Dormancy is……
The resting period when seeds undergo no growth and reduced cell activity
and metabolism.
How seeds BREAK dormancy? And what will it cause…
many seeds need a cold period to break dormancy.
the cold will cause the breakdown of growth production of growth hormones.
DORMANCY IN AGRICULTURE
soaking seeds in water
physical damage exposure to light or dark
exposing seeds to cold temp
FOUR ADVANTAGES OF DORMANCY
Protection from harsh winter conditions of frost low temp
allows time for embryo to develope
allow more time for seeds to be dispersed and colonise new areas.
let’s the grower choose when to sow seeds.
Germination is……
The regrowth of the embryo plant following a period of dormancy.
Conditions needed for Germination….
Water
Oxygen
Suitable temperature
WATER IS NEEDED….
to allow enzyme reactions occur
the seed absorbs water from the soil
this causes the seed to swell and increase in weight
OXYGEN NEEDED…
aerobic respiration
SUITABLE TEMP
neeeded to allow enzyme reaction to take place 5 and 30°
Vegative propagation
Reproduction without the fusion of gametes
2 Facts about it
The offsprings are genetically oder
Clones are produced by mitosis
What foes Natural Negatice Propagation involve
Stem root leaf or bud
Modified Stems
Example
Name
What it is
Develop from
Sends up a ____
Gives ____
Strawberry
Runner
Is a branch of the main stem of a plant that grows across the surface of the ground
Develops from axillary buds
Sends up a daughter shoot
Gives rise to other plants
Modified Stems
Example
Name
What it is
Produce
The old ___ dies
Potato
Stem tubers
A stem tuber is an underground stem swollen with stored food
Buds produce new shoots and roots from using the store of food in tuber
Old parent tuber dies
Modified Roots
Example
Name
Located
What happens with the summer
Dahlia
Root tubers
A bud lies at the top of each tuber
Parent planet dies and each root tuber remains in the ground next summer it will give rise
Modified leaves
Example
Name
Explain
Byrophyllum
Plantlets
Plantlets reach a certain size they fall off and take root and grow into new plants
Bulb is …
Example
Consists of
A bulb is a modified bud.
Example is onion
Consists of :
Thick apical bud in centre
Underground stem
Leaves are swollen with food
Artificial Vegetable Progation example
Cuttings
Grafting
Layering
Microprogation
Grafting is…
Joining a scion to a root stock fusing them together and wrapping it with tape
Microprogation is….
The growth of plants from small pieces of tissue under sterile conditions on a selected nutrient rich medium
Layering is….
Layering is the growth of a new plant from a stem that is still attached to the parent plant
ADVANTAGES
Simple and reliable
New plants form fast
Get to choose the characteristics you want your plant to have
DISADVANTAGES
Lack of variation
Diseases can be passed from plant to offspring
Plant can lack vigour
That one expirement
Celery
To see it more clear
Wet the blade reduce friction
Cut thin section to not cut finger
Transfer by forceps mountain needle
Under low power and high power of microscope
