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FLOWERS Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

SIX things they typically have?

A

Stems
Flower
Leaves
Roots
Transport
Fruits & Seeds

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2
Q

Plants are divided into two parts..

A

Underground SHOOT system
Overground SHOOT system

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3
Q

4 Roots Functions

A

Store Food
Transport Materials
Absorb Water
Anchor

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4
Q

Two Root Types

A

Tap Root
Fibrous Root

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5
Q

Meristem is

A

An area of cell division.

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6
Q

Apical Stems give and found..

A

Length increase and found at tip of shoot

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7
Q

Lateral stem give and found

A

Gives width increase found around edges.

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8
Q

FOUR root Zones

A

Differation
Elongation
Mersematic
Protection

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9
Q

Differentation Zone

A

Cells develop into three types
GROUND TISSUE VASCULAR TISSUE DERMAL TISSUE

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10
Q

Elongation Zone

A

Cells increase in size

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11
Q

Meristematic Zone

A

Cells are produced by mitosis division

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12
Q

Protection Zone

A

A root cap protects the cells

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13
Q

Describe Xylem Tracheids

A

Pits that allow water to pass through
Have a lignin
Thick walls with lignin for support
Long tapered cells

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14
Q

Describe Xylem Vessel

A

Elongated cells
Spiral lignin for strength
No end wall, continuous tube!
Sideways to allow movement of water

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15
Q

Describe Phloem structure & Companion Cells

A

Sieve tubes
Mature cells
Has cytoplasm

Controls Nucleus

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16
Q

Stem Function

A

Support arial parts of plant.

Transport food from roots to leaves.

Transport Water and minerals.

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17
Q

Functions Of TERMINAL BUD LATERAL BUD & LENTICELS

A

Lenticels : Gas Exchange

Terminal Bud : Grow side branches

Lateral Bud : Increase stem length

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18
Q

LEAF PARTS
• ALL parts in Leaves
• Explain Petiole & What Leaves without them contain.
• What Veins contain.

A

PARTS : Axillary Bud Node Stem Leaf blade veins

PETIOLE : is the STALK that joins a leaf to a stem.
Leaves without petiole called SESSILE

Veins contain vascular tissue.

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19
Q

4 Leaf Functions

A

Photosynthesis
Gas Exchange
Transpiration
Store food

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20
Q

XYLEM FUNCTION

A

TRANSPORT WATER AND MINERALS

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21
Q

PHLOEM FUNCTION

A

TRANSPORT FOOD

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22
Q

What happens in GROUND TISSUE VASCULAR TISSUE DERMAL TISSUE

A

Ground : Photosynthesis

Vascular : Transport materials

Dermal : Protect Plant

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23
Q

Venation is

A

The pattern of veins in a leaf.

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24
Q

Difference between Xylem Phloem

A

Xylem is dead Phloem is living
Xylem and Phloem both have pits
Xylem is tapered Phloem is not

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25
Q

Phloem is …

A

LIVING

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26
Q

What is meant by Monocot

A

When one leaf originates into a seed it becomes a monocotyledon. A dicotyledon splits into two

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27
Q

Monocot & Dicot Differences.
Example
Leaf No.
Vein
Flower Arrangement
Vascular Bundles

And dicotyledon turn into …

A

MONOCOT
Grass
1
Vein : parallel
flower arrangement : 3-4
vascular bundles : scattered

Dicot
Buttercup
2
Vein : netted
Flower arrangement: 4-5
Vascular bundles: vascular ring

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28
Q

Zones of Root in order & What they do

A

Differation : Cells DEVELOP
Elongation : Cells increase
Meristematic : Cells produce
Protection : A root cap wall protects

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29
Q

Tracheids and vessels both have (lumen is..)

A

Hollow lumen
Pits
Cell wall

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30
Q

11 Parts in Flower

A

Stigma
Anther
Filament
Style
Sepals
Recepable
Petal
Ovary
Ovule
Stamen
Carpel
Pollen

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31
Q

What is a flower?

A

A flower is a reproductive organ of a flowering plant formed at the buds.

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32
Q

Parts in STAMEN

A

Petals
Anther
Filament

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33
Q

Parts in CARPEL

A

Stigma
Style
Ovary
Ovule

34
Q

7 Life cycle of Gamete Formation In Order

A
  1. Gamete Formation
  2. Pollination
  3. Fertilastion
  4. Seed and fruit formation
  5. Seed and fruit dispersal
  6. Dormancy
  7. Germination
35
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

The fusion of male and female gametes.

36
Q

Describe Fertilisation process

A

A pollen grain lands on the stigma and
starts germinating angrows a
tube.

The tube eventually goes all the way into the ovary to the ovules.

The ovules let out chemicals that stimulate the gametes to the ovary.

Sperm cells move through the tube
into the ovule.

The sperm needs to reach the egg cells.

The nuclei of the sperm reaches
the ovule.

one sperm cells unites
with egg cells.

the other unites with the nuclei
cells.

The fusion happens and you get
A zygote cell which is the fusion of sperm and egg.

The pollen tube disintegrates making the zygote start dividing into many cells and now it is ready to become a baby plant called embryo.

The other fusion male gametes form as a food store for the baby plant.

37
Q

Formation of male & female gametes
Pollen grains formed where and produced what?

A

pollen grains are formed in the anther
the pollen grain produces the male gametes.

38
Q

What is pollination? And the TWO types can be…

A

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther of the
Stamen to the stigma of the carpel.

SELF pollination
CROSS pollination

39
Q

Self pollination is…

A

the transter of pollen from the anther of a flower to a stigma of the same flower.

40
Q

Cross - Pollination is….

A

the transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to a stigma of another flower

41
Q

2 pro’s of Cross - Pollination

A

Greater variety in the off-spring than self-pollination

Plants that have better chance of survival are often more resistant to disease

42
Q

For reproduction to occur the pollen grain must reach the

A

CARPEL

43
Q

Animal pollinated flowers 5 features and example

A

Scent
Bright coloured petals
Nectar
Pollen grains sticky
Flower parts that force animal inside

E.g daffodil

44
Q

Wind pollinated flower 4 features and example of one

A

Produce huge amount of pollen
Pollen grains light & small
Flower parts release and trap pollen

Eg Dandelion

45
Q

SEED FORMATION
WHERE DOES ZYGOTE DEVELOP

A

Embryo

46
Q

What does the second fertilised cell from fertilisation become?

A

It develops into an endosperm
The endosperm is the food store for the seed

47
Q

What do the parts do?
Male
The anther
The filament

A

Anther : PRODUCES POLLEN GRAINS THAT PRODUCE MALE GAMETES

Filament : SUPPORTS ANTHER & SUPPLIES FOOD & WATER

48
Q

What do they do?
Female
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Ovule

A

Stigma : TRAP HOLD POLLEN

Style : CONNECT STIGMA TO OVARY

Ovary : CONTAIN OVULES

Ovules : PRODUCE THE EGGS

49
Q

Other parts
Petals
Receptacle
Sepals
Nectary

A

Petals : attract animal pollinators

Receptacle : form base of flower

Sepals : protect flower before it blooms

Nectary : provide food for pollinators

50
Q

What is dispersal?

A

The transfer of a seed or fruit or fruit away from parent plant

51
Q

We need dispersal. It is necessary because….. 4 points

A
  1. Avoid large number of seeds competing with each other & parent plant.
  2. Increase chance of survival for the plant
  3. Find new areas of growth
  4. Increase number of species
52
Q

FOUR METHODS OF DISPERSAL ARE…

A

Wind

Water

Animals

Self - Dispersal

53
Q

Wind Disperal

  1. Orchards produce….
  2. Dandelions, thistles and clematis produce…
  3. Sycamore produce……
A
  1. produce small light seeds which easily dispel
  2. produce parachutes devices that help disperse spread more widely
  3. produce fruit w| wings that spiral
54
Q

Water Disperal

Coconut trees alders and water lilies have….

A

have light air filled fruits that float
this allows them to be dispersed by
rivers and seas

55
Q

Animal disperal

A

Sticky fruits may cling on animals hair and be carried away.

Burdock goose grass

56
Q

Self - Disperal

A

Some fruits have explosive mechanisms that catapult seeds away

example peas beans

57
Q

WHAT IS DORMANCY.
Dormancy is……

A

The resting period when seeds undergo no growth and reduced cell activity
and metabolism.

58
Q

How seeds BREAK dormancy? And what will it cause…

A

many seeds need a cold period to break dormancy.

the cold will cause the breakdown of growth production of growth hormones.

59
Q

DORMANCY IN AGRICULTURE

A

soaking seeds in water

physical damage exposure to light or dark

exposing seeds to cold temp

60
Q

FOUR ADVANTAGES OF DORMANCY

A

Protection from harsh winter conditions of frost low temp

allows time for embryo to develope

allow more time for seeds to be dispersed and colonise new areas.

let’s the grower choose when to sow seeds.

61
Q

Germination is……

A

The regrowth of the embryo plant following a period of dormancy.

62
Q

Conditions needed for Germination….

A

Water

Oxygen

Suitable temperature

63
Q

WATER IS NEEDED….

A

to allow enzyme reactions occur
the seed absorbs water from the soil
this causes the seed to swell and increase in weight

64
Q

OXYGEN NEEDED…

A

aerobic respiration

65
Q

SUITABLE TEMP

A

neeeded to allow enzyme reaction to take place 5 and 30°

66
Q

Vegative propagation

A

Reproduction without the fusion of gametes

67
Q

2 Facts about it

A

The offsprings are genetically oder

Clones are produced by mitosis

68
Q

What foes Natural Negatice Propagation involve

A

Stem root leaf or bud

69
Q

Modified Stems

Example
Name
What it is

Develop from

Sends up a ____

Gives ____

A

Strawberry
Runner
Is a branch of the main stem of a plant that grows across the surface of the ground
Develops from axillary buds

Sends up a daughter shoot

Gives rise to other plants

70
Q

Modified Stems

Example
Name
What it is
Produce

The old ___ dies

A

Potato

Stem tubers

A stem tuber is an underground stem swollen with stored food

Buds produce new shoots and roots from using the store of food in tuber

Old parent tuber dies

71
Q

Modified Roots

Example
Name
Located

What happens with the summer

A

Dahlia

Root tubers

A bud lies at the top of each tuber

Parent planet dies and each root tuber remains in the ground next summer it will give rise

72
Q

Modified leaves

Example

Name

Explain

A

Byrophyllum
Plantlets
Plantlets reach a certain size they fall off and take root and grow into new plants

73
Q

Bulb is …

Example

Consists of

A

A bulb is a modified bud.

Example is onion

Consists of :

Thick apical bud in centre
Underground stem
Leaves are swollen with food

74
Q

Artificial Vegetable Progation example

A

Cuttings
Grafting
Layering
Microprogation

75
Q

Grafting is…

A

Joining a scion to a root stock fusing them together and wrapping it with tape

76
Q

Microprogation is….

A

The growth of plants from small pieces of tissue under sterile conditions on a selected nutrient rich medium

77
Q

Layering is….

A

Layering is the growth of a new plant from a stem that is still attached to the parent plant

78
Q

ADVANTAGES

A

Simple and reliable

New plants form fast

Get to choose the characteristics you want your plant to have

79
Q

DISADVANTAGES

A

Lack of variation

Diseases can be passed from plant to offspring

Plant can lack vigour

80
Q

That one expirement

A

Celery

To see it more clear

Wet the blade reduce friction
Cut thin section to not cut finger

Transfer by forceps mountain needle
Under low power and high power of microscope

Biology (8 decks)

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