Flow Chart summary

Question 1

3 Key systems of Acid Base regulation?

Answer 1

Buffers
Resp
Renal

Question 2

What is involved in Buffering Acid Base regulation?

Answer 2

HCO3- –> H2CO3

Question 3

How does the Resp system control acid base?

Answer 3

Breathing off H+ from H2CO3

Question 4

How doe the kidney work to control Acid base?

Answer 4

removing putting H from H2CO3 into ammonia and also reclaiming HCO3-

Question 5

In HF what does the frank starling mechanism say happens?

Answer 5

Increase in preload = increase EDV = increase stretch :. increase contratility and release of ANP and ABP

Question 6

How do Neurohumoral mechanisms operate in HF?

Answer 6

Nor adrenaline and RAAS

Question 7

What does TGF-B and TNF-A do in HF?

Answer 7

Heart remodelling and Hypertrophy

Question 8

What does ACE do to bradykinin?

Answer 8

Breaks down Bradykinin

Question 9

What are the 3 stimuli for RAAS?

Answer 9

Decreased stretch in arterial circulation, decreased NaCl, decreased stretch in Afferent vessel to the kidney

Question 10

Effects of AT2?

Answer 10

Increase blood volume by Aldosterone (Na), ADH (H2O)
Increase TPR by vasoconstriction
Long term effects include increase myocyte, Fibrosis in kidneys

Question 11

3 classification of Acute renal Failure?

Answer 11

Prerenal, Intrarenal, Post renal

Question 12

Causes of Hemodynamic abnormalities?

Answer 12

Myogenic reflex –> afferent dilation

Tubuloglomerula feedback –> RAAS

Question 13

Out comes of tubular necrosis?

Answer 13

Tubular cells can not draw out Na
Junction disruption
Decreased GFR
Tubular cells slough off and block lumen –> woresening necrosis

Question 14

Mutations in What predisposes to Alzheimers disease?

Answer 14

Change in APP processing

Question 15

What are the outcomes of the amyloid angiopathy?

Answer 15

Friable vessels and likely to bleed

Question 16

Genetic mutation involved in CF

Answer 16

Delta F508

Question 17

Disruption of what causes CF

Answer 17

Cystic Fibroisis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator

Question 18

What are the effects of distrupted CFTCR

Answer 18

Absent cAMP channel

Question 19

3 Organ specific outcomes of CF

Answer 19

Resp, Gastro, Sweat glands

Question 20

Likely outcomes of CF

Answer 20

Thick mucous in the airways –> infection

Leads to damage of pancreas A/B cells

Question 21

Chronic Inflammatory response is mediated through three pathways name them:

Answer 21

Macrophage activation and recruitment
Activation of lung Epithelium
Small airway inflammation

Question 22

What results from neutrophil release of IL-8 and TNF-A

Answer 22

Increase proteinase activity leading to destruction of elastin and irreversible damage.

Question 23

Result of small airway inflammation

Answer 23

Chronic bronchitis through goblet cell hyperplasia, SMC proliferation and resultant airway narrowing

Question 24

What does Pneumonia cause 2 main things

Answer 24

Intraalveolar exudate and inflmmation/ infection develops

Question 25

Common Signs of Crohns disease:

Answer 25

``` Fistulas Diarrhoea Lower right quadrant pain Malnutrition Inflammation ```

Question 26

RF's for Crohns disease

Answer 26

Smoking NSAIDS INfection NOD2

Question 27

How does Crohns disease develop

Answer 27

Dysfunctional Intestinal epithelium reacts inappropriately to Antigens to form a chronic inflammatory responce

Question 28

2 pathways to cirrhosis

Answer 28

Structural and or Functional

Question 29

What is involved in the structural pathway of cirrhosis

Answer 29

Fibrosis replaces hepatocytes leading to regenerative nodules which disrupt normal architecture.

Question 30

Outcomes of cirrhosis

Answer 30

Ascites from portal hypertension Decreased Albumin Bleeding through decreased vitamin K dependant clotting factors Decreased gluconeogneosis

Question 31

4 Types of bleeds into parenchyma

Answer 31

Epidural Subdural Subarachnoid Intracranial

Question 32

Epidural bleed Key points and outcome

Answer 32

Likely to herniate, commonly due to fracture

Question 33

Subdural bleed Key points and outcome

Answer 33

Rupture of bridging veins, often in elderly patients

Question 34

Subarachnoid Key points and outcome

Answer 34

Sudden rupture of a major vessel which can be either non-traumatic due to aneurysm or traumatic brain injury WORST HEAD ACHE EVER

Question 35

Intracranial bleed Key points and outcome

Answer 35

Bleed into parynchema which will elicit mass effect when the bleed becomes big enough.