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Red Book Instrument > Flight Instruments > Flashcards

Flight Instruments Flashcards

1
Q

What instruments operate from the pitot/static system?

A

The pitot/static system operates the altimeter, vertical-speed indicator, and airspeed indicator. All three instruments receive static air pressure for operation with only the ASI receiving both pitot and static pressure.

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2
Q

How does an altimeter work?

A

A sensitive altimeter is an aneroid barometer that measures the absolute pressure of the ambient air and displays it in terms of feet or meters above a selected pressure level. The sensitive element is a stack of evacuated, corrugated bronze aneroid capsules.

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3
Q

What type of errors is the altimeter subject to?

A

a. Mechanical errors—Differences between ambient temperature and/or pressure can cause an erroneous indication on the altimeter. b. Inherent errors—Non-standard temperature and pressure.

The position of the static port, metal fatigue in the aneroid wafers, pilot failure to set the correct altimeter, and static port blockage can all lead to errors in altitude and airspeed measurements during flight.

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4
Q

What happens to true altitude when the temperature is warmer than ISA?

A

True altitude is higher than indicated altitude whenever the temperature is warmer than International Standard Atmosphere (ISA).

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5
Q

What happens to true altitude when the temperature is colder than ISA?

A

True altitude is lower than indicated altitude whenever the temperature is colder than ISA.

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6
Q

What is the maximum allowable error for an altimeter in IFR flight?

A

If the altimeter is off field elevation by more than 75 feet, with the correct pressure set in the Kollsman window, it is considered to be unreliable.

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7
Q

Define indicated altitude.

A

Indicated altitude is read directly from the altimeter (uncorrected) after it is set to the current altimeter setting (QNH) in the Kollsman window.

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8
Q

Define true altitude.

A

True altitude is the vertical distance of the aircraft above sea level (MSL). Airport, terrain, and obstacle elevations on aeronautical charts are true altitudes.

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9
Q

Define absolute altitude.

A

Absolute altitude is the vertical distance above the terrain, above ground level (AGL). An altimeter set to the proper pressure reading (QFE setting) indicates zero feet at touchdown.

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10
Q

Define pressure altitude.

A

Pressure altitude is indicated altitude with altimeter set to 29.92 in. Hg. It is used to compute density altitude, true altitude, true airspeed (TAS), and other performance data.

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11
Q

Define density altitude.

A

Density altitude is pressure altitude corrected for non- standard temperature.

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12
Q

Does adjusting the altimeter’s Kollsman window affect the altitude displayed to ATC?

A

No, the encoding altimeter measures the pressure referenced to 29.92” Hg (pressure altitude) and delivers this data to the transponder.

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13
Q

How does the airspeed indicator operate?

A

The airspeed indicator measures the difference between ram pressure from the pitot head and atmospheric pressure from the static source.

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14
Q

What are the limitations the airspeed indicator is subject to?

A

It must have proper flow of air in the pitot/static system.

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15
Q

What are the errors that the airspeed indicator is subject to?
P
D
C

A

Position error, density error, and compressibility error.

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16
Q

What is Indicated Airspeed (IAS)?

A

IAS is shown on the dial of the instrument, uncorrected for instrument or system errors.

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17
Q

What is Calibrated Airspeed (CAS)?

A

CAS is the speed at which the aircraft is moving through the air, found by correcting IAS for instrument and position errors.

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18
Q

What is Equivalent Airspeed (EAS)?

A

EAS is CAS corrected for compression of the air inside the pitot tube.

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19
Q

What is True Airspeed (TAS)?

A

TAS is CAS corrected for nonstandard pressure and temperature.

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20
Q

What do the color codes on the airspeed indicator represent?

A

White arc—flap operating range; Green arc—normal operating range; Yellow arc—caution range; Red line—never exceed speed.

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21
Q

How does the vertical-speed indicator work?

A

The VSI is a rate-of-pressure-change instrument that gives an indication of any deviation from a constant pressure level.

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22
Q

What are the limitations of the vertical-speed indicator?

A

It is not accurate until the aircraft is stabilized.

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23
Q

What could cause an airspeed indicator to indicate increasing airspeed during a climb?

A

Moisture, insects, or other foreign matter may have caused a pitot tube blockage.

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24
Q

What does it indicate if the vertical speed indicator shows zero and the altimeter is frozen?

A

The static system is blocked.

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25
Q

What is the approximate freezing level if the air temperature is +6°C at an airport elevation of 1,200 feet?

A

4,200 MSL; 6° at the surface divided by the average temperature lapse rate of 2°C results in a 3,000-foot freezing level.

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26
Q

What corrective action is needed if the pitot tube freezes?

A

Turn pitot heat on.

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27
Q

What instrument indications should you expect when using an alternate source of static pressure?

A

Altimeter will indicate higher than the actual altitude; Airspeed will indicate greater than the actual airspeed; Vertical speed will show a momentary climb, then stabilize.

28
Q

What instruments contain gyroscopes?

A

Attitude indicator, heading indicator, and turn coordinator/indicator.

29
Q

What are the common power sources for gyroscopic instruments?
EPVWD

A

EPVWD: Electrical, Pneumatic, Venturi, Wet, Dry

30
Q

How does the vacuum system operate?

A

The vacuum or pressure system spins the gyro by drawing a stream of air against the rotor vanes to spin the rotor at high speeds.

31
Q

What are two important characteristics of gyroscopes?

A

Rigidity and precession.

32
Q

How does the turn coordinator operate?

The turn part of the instrument uses __________ to indicate __________ and approximate __________ of turn.

A

The turn part of the instrument uses precession to indicate direction and approximate rate of turn.

33
Q

What information does the turn coordinator provide?

A

The rate of turn, rate of roll, and direction of turn.

34
Q

What is the source of power for the turn coordinator?

A

Turn coordinator gyros can be driven by either air or electricity; some are dual-powered.

35
Q

How does the heading indicator work?

The __________ turns in a __________ plane, and fixed to the __________ is a __________ card.

A

The rotor turns in a vertical plane, and fixed to the rotor is a compass card.

36
Q

What are the limitations of the heading indicator?

A

They vary with the particular design and make of instrument.

37
Q

How does the heading indicator operate?

A

The heading indicator operates on the principle of rigidity in space, with a rotor turning in a vertical plane and a compass card fixed to it.

38
Q

What are the limitations of the heading indicator?

A

The limitations vary by design; typically, they are approximately 55 degrees of pitch and 55 degrees of bank.

39
Q

What happens when the heading indicator exceeds its limits?

A

When limits are exceeded, the instrument ‘tumbles’ or ‘spills’ and requires resetting with the caging knob.

40
Q

What type of error is the heading indicator subject to?

A

The heading indicator is subject to precession error, causing it to drift from the set heading.

41
Q

What is the maximum error the heading indicator may indicate due to earth rotation?

A

The heading indicator may indicate as much as 15 degrees of error per hour of operation.

42
Q

How does the attitude indicator work?

The attitude indicator uses a __________ mounted on a __________ plane, with a __________ bar that remains horizontal as the airplane __________ or __________.

A

The attitude indicator uses a gyro mounted on a horizontal plane, with a horizon bar that remains horizontal as the airplane pitches or banks.

43
Q

What are the limitations of an attitude indicator?

A

Bank limits are usually from 100° to 110°, and pitch limits are from 60° to 70°.

44
Q

What happens if the attitude indicator exceeds its limits?

A

If limits are exceeded, the instrument will tumble or spill and give incorrect indications until restabilized.

45
Q

Are attitude indicators subject to errors?

A

Attitude indicators are generally free from most errors, but may show slight errors during rapid acceleration or deceleration.

46
Q

How does the magnetic compass work?

A

Magnets mounted on the compass card align themselves parallel to the Earth’s lines of magnetic force.

47
Q

What limitations does the magnetic compass have?

A

The compass can tilt up to approximately 18° angle of bank; at steeper angles, indications become erratic.

48
Q

What are the various compass errors?

A

Errors include oscillation error, deviation error, variation error, acceleration error, northerly turning error, and southerly turning error.

49
Q

What is the mnemonic for acceleration and deceleration errors in the magnetic compass?

A

ANDS—Accelerate North, Decelerate South.

50
Q

What is the function of a PFD?

A

A PFD provides increased situational awareness by replacing traditional instruments with a display that shows key flight information.

51
Q

What is the function of an MFD?

A

An MFD presents information such as navigation data, moving maps, and aircraft systems information.

52
Q

What does AHRS stand for and what does it provide?

AHRS stands for attitude and heading reference system, providing ____________, ____________, and ____________ information.

A

AHRS stands for attitude and heading reference system, providing heading, attitude, and yaw information.

53
Q

What is the function of an ADC?

  • An ADC processes air data and provides information like __________ , __________, and __________ to cockpit systems.
A

An ADC processes air data and provides information like altitude, airspeed, and VSI to cockpit systems.

54
Q

What does FMS stand for?

  • FMS stands for flight management system, .
    It alllows programming of __________ and supplying __________ data.
A
  • FMS stands for flight management system, .
    It alllows programming of routes and supplying navigation data.
55
Q

What happens during AHRS system initialization?

A

Some AHRSs must be initialized on the ground to establish a reference attitude for future changes.

56
Q

What occurs if a display failure happens in an electronic flight display?

A

Some systems offer a ‘reversion’ capability to display primary flight instruments on the remaining operative display.

57
Q

What items will still receive power from the standby battery after an alternator failure?

The standby battery powers the essential bus, including ____________, ____________, ____________, and communication/navigation radios.

A

The standby battery powers the essential bus, including AHRS, ADC, PFD, and communication/navigation radios.

58
Q

The magnetometer provides us…

A

Heading information

59
Q

The G5 backup battery lasts up to…

A

4 hours

60
Q

CDI stands for…

A

Course Deviation Indicator

61
Q

The CDI gives us 3 things

A

VOR, LOC, and GPS

62
Q

What does HSI stand for?

A

Horizontal Situation Indicator

63
Q

The HSI on the G5 gives us 2 things…

A

CDI and Heading

64
Q

What does ADF stand for?
(We don’t have this)

A

Automatic Direction Finder

65
Q

ADF gives us 2 things…

A

NDB and LOM (compass locator)

66
Q

What does DME stand for?
(We don’t have this)

A

Distance Measuring Equipment

Red Book Instrument (8 decks)

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