Flexibility

Question 1

_________ = excessive movement at a joint, given age and activity

Answer 1

hypermobility

Question 2

________ = excessive ROM for which there is no protective muscular control

Answer 2

instability

Question 3

What is considered hypermobility on the Beighton scale for adults? For children?

Answer 3

Adults: greater or equal to 6/9
Kids: greater or equal to 7/9

Question 4

_______ ________ = disruption of the passive stabilizers and decreased structural integrity

Answer 4

mechanical instability

Question 5

______ _______ = lack of neuromuscular control of the joint during activities

Answer 5

functional instability

Question 6

What are the 3 systems in Panjabi’s spinal stability system?

Answer 6

1. Passive subsystem
2. Active subsystem
3. Control subsystem

Question 7

______ _____ = area where there is very little internal resistance to motion

Answer 7

neutral zone

Question 8

In the _______ zone there is significant resistance to movement

Answer 8

elastic

Question 9

Form closure = ____________

Answer 9

osteoligamentous

Question 10

Force closure = _________

Answer 10

contractile

Question 11

What are the 4 components of the integrated model of function?

Answer 11

1. Form closure
2. Force closure
3. Motor control
4. Emotions

Question 12

What are 2 causes of hypermobility?

Answer 12

1. Traumatic

2. Non-traumatic

Question 13

What are 4 assessments you would want to complete in a pt with a hx of hyper mobility?

Answer 13

1. AROM
2. PROM (and end feel)
3. Passive accessory glides (and end feel)
4. Stability tests

Question 14

What are two steps in treatment of hypermobility?

Answer 14

1. Mobilize hypo mobile tissues or joints

2. Activate and “strengthen” to stabilize the hypermobile/unstable area

Question 15

What are two purposes of bracing and taping?

Answer 15

1. Restrictive

2. Proprioceptive

Question 16

_________ = decreased mobility or restricted motion

Answer 16

hypomobility

Question 17

What is one of the largest factors contributing to hypomobility?

Answer 17

prolonged immobilization

Question 18

___________ = adaptive shortening of the muscle-tendon and other soft tissues that cross or surround a joint resulting in significant resistance to passive or active stretch and limitation of ROM

Answer 18

contracture

Question 19

Contracture is described in terms of the action of the ________ muscle.

Answer 19

shortened

Question 20

What are the 5 types of contracture?

Answer 20

1. Myostatic
2. Pseudomyostatic
3. Arthrogenic
4. Periarticular
5. Fibrotic

Question 21

________ = intrinsic property of body tissues, including muscle and connective tissues, that determines the ROM achievable without injury at a joint

Answer 21

flexibility

Question 22

________ ________ = stiffness in one muscle group or joint will cause compensatory movement at adjoining joints that are controlled by muscles and soft tissues that exhibit less stiffness.

Answer 22

relative flexibility

Question 23

What are 5 areas that immobilization may effect?

Answer 23

1. Muscle
2. Tendon
3. Ligament
4. Articular cartilage
5. Bone

Question 24

What 3 things decrease in muscles post immobilization,, leading to muscle atrophy and weakness?

Answer 24

1. muscle fibre cross-sectional area
2. # of myofibrils in a muscle fibre
3. Motor unit recruitment

Question 25

If immobilized in a shortened position, the length tension shift curves ________.

Answer 25

left

Question 26

If immobilized in a lengthened position, the length tension curves shifts _______.

Answer 26

right

Question 27

_________ weakness = the weakness that develops from a muscle remaining in an elongated position

Answer 27

stretch

Question 28

________ shortening = the tightness that developed from a muscle remaining in a shortened position

Answer 28

adaptive

Question 29

Stretch weakness results in relative weakness in ____ and ______ ROM.

Answer 29

mid; inner

Question 30

Adaptive shortening leads to relative strength in ______ ROM.

Answer 30

inner

Question 31

Post-Immobilization, a tendon has decreased ________ strength.

Answer 31

tensile

Question 32

What 3 things occur to ligaments post immobilization?

Answer 32

1. Decreased tensile strength 2. Adhesions and stiffness 3. Bony resorption at entheses

Question 33

What 3 things occur to articular cartilage post immobilization?

Answer 33

1. Decreased lubrication | 2. Softening and fragmentation

Question 34

Post immobilization, bone has decreased ____ and bone ______ content.

Answer 34

mass; mineral

Question 35

With aging, there is a _______ in tensile strength, ______ in elasticity, and an ______ in adhesions.

Answer 35

decrease; decrease; increase

Question 36

With aging, there is a slower rate of adaptation to ______.

Answer 36

stress

Question 37

Acute effects of response to stretch include muscle length change due to _______ properties and increased stretch _______.

Answer 37

viscoelastic; tolerance

Question 38

In response to chronic stretch, permanent elongation requires breaking of _________ bonds and realignment of fibres.

Answer 38

collagen

Question 39

You must use your newly gained range in function or tissue will return to its shortened length (T/F).

Answer 39

TRUE

Question 40

Internal tissue tension decreases with time of stretch, which is known as ______ ________.

Answer 40

stress relaxation

Question 41

Tissue length increases with time of stretch, known as ______.

Answer 41

creep

Question 42

What are the 8 components of stretching exercise prescription?

Answer 42

1. Alignment 2. Stabilization 3. Intensity 4. Duration 5. Frequency 6. Speed of stretch 7. Mode of stretch 8. Integrate function with stretching

Question 43

Low intensity stretching is generally accepted as more effective compared to high (T/F).

Answer 43

TRUE

Question 44

How long and how many sessions per week of stretching is most effective?

Answer 44

5-10 mins, 6 days a week

Question 45

Is dynamic of static stretching recommend as a pre exercise warm up?

Answer 45

dynamic

Question 46

_______ applied stretch is less likely to activate the stretch reflex

Answer 46

slowly

Question 47

______ applied stretch affects viscoelastic properties of connective tissue.

Answer 47

slowly

Question 48

__________ stretching is useful for chronic contractures

Answer 48

mechanical

Question 49

What are 3 examples of adjunctive agents to stretching?

Answer 49

1. Heat 2. Massage 3. Joint traction/mobs