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PHTH 527 > Aging, Obesity and Diabetes > Flashcards

Aging, Obesity and Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

People with chronic conditions represent ~___% of the BC population and consume ~___% of the combined physician payment, pharmacare and acute (hospital) care budgets.

A

38; 80

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2
Q

Chronic diseases are more common in older populations and it is projected that the prevalence of chronic conditions could increase ___% over the next ____ years.

A

58; 25

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3
Q

Chronic diseases can be prevented or delayed by addressing key risk factors including _______ _____, unhealthy eating, obesity, alcohol consumption and tobacco use.

A

physical inactivity

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4
Q

What is the leading cause of death in BC?

A

cancer

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5
Q

What are the top two actual causes of death in Canada?

A
  1. Tobacco

2. Poor diet and inactivity

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6
Q

What 6 things influence the aging process?

A
  1. Chronic disease
  2. Environment
  3. SES
  4. Genetics
  5. Stress
  6. Fitness level
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7
Q

Each 1 MET increase in exercise capacity conferred a __% improvement in survival.

A

12

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8
Q

Exercise capacity is a more powerful predictor of mortality among men than other established risk factors for ________ _______.

A

cardiovascular disease

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9
Q

Higher fitness level = ______ risk of death across all disease types.

A

decreased

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10
Q

With aging, there is a progressive decline in muscle ______ ______ _____.

A

cross sectional area

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11
Q

After age 25, there is ~ a __% decrease in VO2 max every year.

A

1

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12
Q

O2 consumption
with aging?
after exercise training?

A

decrease; increase

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13
Q

Heart rate
with aging?
after exercise training?

A

decrease; no change

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14
Q

SV
with aging?
after exercise training?

A

decrease; increase or no change

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15
Q

A-VO2 decrease
with aging?
after exercise training?

A

decrease; increase

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16
Q

Q
with aging?
after exercise training?

A

decrease; increase or no change

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17
Q

Left ventricular function thickness
with aging?
after exercise training?

A

increase and then decrease after 80; increase

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18
Q

Left ventricular filling rate
with aging?
after exercise training?

A

decrease; increase

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19
Q

Myocardial contractility
with aging?
after exercise training?

A

decrease; increase in men, no change in women

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20
Q

End-systolic volume
with aging?
after exercise training?

A

increase; decrease in men, no change in women

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21
Q

Ejection fraction
with aging?
after exercise training?

A

decrease; increase in men, no change in women

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22
Q

Because or aging, elastic recoil?

A

decrease

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23
Q

Because or aging, chest wall stiffness?

A

increase

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24
Q

Because or aging, alveolar-capillary SA?

A

decrease

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25
Because or aging, forced expiratory flow?
decrease
26
Because or aging, residual lung volume?
increase
27
Because or aging, forced vital capacity?
decrease
28
Because or aging, maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures?
decrease
29
Because or aging, ventilation-perfusion matching?
decrease
30
Because or aging, PaO2?
decrease
31
Because or aging, SaO2?
no change
32
Expiratory flow limitation with aging? after exercise training?
increase; increase or no change
33
Minute ventilation with aging? after exercise training?
increase; decrease submax, increase at max
34
Work of breathing with aging? after exercise training?
increase; decrease
35
Arterial hypoxemia with aging? after exercise training?
increase or no change; increase
36
Muscle strength with aging?
decrease
37
Bone mass with aging?
decrease
38
Flexibility with aging?
decrease
39
Fat-free body mass with aging?
decrease
40
% body fat with aging?
increase
41
Glucose tolerance with aging?
decrease
42
Recovery time with aging?
increase
43
With age, there is a _______ threshold for disease.
lower
44
What are two primary goal of exercise training in the elderly?
1. Change exercise behaviour | 2. Improve fitness
45
A ________ goal of exercise training in the elderly is to improve specific symptoms or conditions such as arthritis, pain, depression, sleep disturbance, angina, glucose control, blood pressure, etc.
secondary
46
When testing the elderly, the initial workload should be ____.
low
47
_______ exercise may be preferable to treadmill for those with impairments such as poor balance or poor neuromuscular coordination.
cycle
48
________ during exercise are more common in the elderly compared to younger individuals.
arrhythmias
49
_____ HR peak is preferable to ____ ______ HR peak when prescribing aerobic exercise.
measured; age predicted
50
There is ______ variability in HR peak in persons over 65 years of age.
high
51
Prescription based on HR or HRR can be difficult in the elderly due to what 3 things?
1. arrhythmias 2. pacemakers 3. beta-blockers
52
_____ _____ ____ =body mass minus mass of all body fat q
fat free mass
53
______ fat = fat found within bone marrow, nervous tissue and internal organs
essential
54
______ fat = visceral and subcutaneous adipose stores
storage
55
_____ body mass = body mass minus mass of storage fat
lean
56
What are the 3 categories of factors that contribute to obesity?
1. Lifestyle 2. Psychosocial 3. Biomedical
57
____ ______ = highly correlated to total adiposity and BMI
WC
58
Is WC or waist/hip ratio preferred?
WC
59
WC correlates highly with ___ ______ ______ (r = .80)
intra-abdominal adiposity
60
The ____ ______ equation dictates that body mass remains constant when caloric intake = caloric expenditure.
energy balance
61
Out of VO2, work rate, Ve, and Vt, what is the only variable that is lower in an obese population?
Vt
62
In an obese individual, alveolar hypoventilation and increased WOB due to what?
Increased mass of chest wall and abdomen
63
Obese individuals have impaired diaphragmatic _______.
excursions
64
Weakness and laxity of the ______ and _______ structures contribute to airway obstruction and obstructive sleep apnea.
oropharyngeal; hypopharyngeal
65
What is the order of obesity treatment for individuals with a BMI of 25-30?
lifestyle modification
66
What is the order of obesity treatment for individuals with a BMI of 30-40?
lifestyle modification --> pharmacotherapy
67
What is the order of obesity treatment for individuals with a BMI of > 40?
lifestyle modification --> pharmacotherapy --> surgery
68
All obese individuals find it difficult to participate in ADL's (T/F)?
FALSE; only really morbidly obese
69
Combined reductions in every intake with increase in expenditure results in an initial __-__% reduction in body weight.
9-10
70
PA has little impact on weight loss in the initial __ month intervention compared with reductions in energy intake.
6
71
_____ ______ appears to be critical for sustaining weight loss and preventing weight gain.
PA
72
Goals of an exercise program for the obese are _____ and _______.
adherence; consistency
73
Losing weight for most obese individuals is not the problem, its maintaining weight loss (T/F).
TRUE
74
Obesity is associated with what 4 impairments specific to exercise?
1. increased submax VO2 2. Abnormal breathing pattern responses 3. EFL 4. Increased dyspnea/leg fatigue
75
Is diabetes more common in males or females?
males
76
__ in 11 canadians have diabetes mellitus
1
77
Canada has the __rd highest prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the world.
3
78
Type I diabetes mellitus is ~ ___% of diabetes cases.
10
79
What are fasting and casual levels of blood glucose for no diabetes?
<6.1mmol/L; <7.8mmol/L
80
What are fasting and casual levels of blood glucose for pre diabetes?
6.1-6.9mmol/L; 7.8-11.1mmol/L
81
What are fasting and casual levels of blood glucose for diabetes?
> or equal to 7mmol/L; >or equal to 11.1 mmol/L + SYMPTOMS
82
What are 5 symptoms of hypoglycaemia?
1. Dizziness 2. Nausea 3. Headache 4. Confusion 5. Irritability
83
Individuals with diabetes should consume 20-30g of CHO if pre or post exercise blood glucose is < ____ mmol/L.
5.6

PHTH 527 (10 decks)

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