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PHTH 527 > Aging, Obesity and Diabetes > Flashcards

Aging, Obesity and Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

People with chronic conditions represent ~___% of the BC population and consume ~___% of the combined physician payment, pharmacare and acute (hospital) care budgets.

A

38; 80

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2
Q

Chronic diseases are more common in older populations and it is projected that the prevalence of chronic conditions could increase ___% over the next ____ years.

A

58; 25

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3
Q

Chronic diseases can be prevented or delayed by addressing key risk factors including _______ _____, unhealthy eating, obesity, alcohol consumption and tobacco use.

A

physical inactivity

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4
Q

What is the leading cause of death in BC?

A

cancer

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5
Q

What are the top two actual causes of death in Canada?

A
  1. Tobacco

2. Poor diet and inactivity

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6
Q

What 6 things influence the aging process?

A
  1. Chronic disease
  2. Environment
  3. SES
  4. Genetics
  5. Stress
  6. Fitness level
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7
Q

Each 1 MET increase in exercise capacity conferred a __% improvement in survival.

A

12

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8
Q

Exercise capacity is a more powerful predictor of mortality among men than other established risk factors for ________ _______.

A

cardiovascular disease

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9
Q

Higher fitness level = ______ risk of death across all disease types.

A

decreased

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10
Q

With aging, there is a progressive decline in muscle ______ ______ _____.

A

cross sectional area

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11
Q

After age 25, there is ~ a __% decrease in VO2 max every year.

A

1

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12
Q

O2 consumption
with aging?
after exercise training?

A

decrease; increase

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13
Q

Heart rate
with aging?
after exercise training?

A

decrease; no change

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14
Q

SV
with aging?
after exercise training?

A

decrease; increase or no change

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15
Q

A-VO2 decrease
with aging?
after exercise training?

A

decrease; increase

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16
Q

Q
with aging?
after exercise training?

A

decrease; increase or no change

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17
Q

Left ventricular function thickness
with aging?
after exercise training?

A

increase and then decrease after 80; increase

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18
Q

Left ventricular filling rate
with aging?
after exercise training?

A

decrease; increase

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19
Q

Myocardial contractility
with aging?
after exercise training?

A

decrease; increase in men, no change in women

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20
Q

End-systolic volume
with aging?
after exercise training?

A

increase; decrease in men, no change in women

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21
Q

Ejection fraction
with aging?
after exercise training?

A

decrease; increase in men, no change in women

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22
Q

Because or aging, elastic recoil?

A

decrease

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23
Q

Because or aging, chest wall stiffness?

A

increase

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24
Q

Because or aging, alveolar-capillary SA?

A

decrease

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25
Q

Because or aging, forced expiratory flow?

A

decrease

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26
Q

Because or aging, residual lung volume?

A

increase

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27
Q

Because or aging, forced vital capacity?

A

decrease

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28
Q

Because or aging, maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures?

A

decrease

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29
Q

Because or aging, ventilation-perfusion matching?

A

decrease

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30
Q

Because or aging, PaO2?

A

decrease

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31
Q

Because or aging, SaO2?

A

no change

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32
Q

Expiratory flow limitation
with aging?
after exercise training?

A

increase; increase or no change

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33
Q

Minute ventilation
with aging?
after exercise training?

A

increase; decrease submax, increase at max

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34
Q

Work of breathing
with aging?
after exercise training?

A

increase; decrease

35
Q

Arterial hypoxemia
with aging?
after exercise training?

A

increase or no change; increase

36
Q

Muscle strength with aging?

A

decrease

37
Q

Bone mass with aging?

A

decrease

38
Q

Flexibility with aging?

A

decrease

39
Q

Fat-free body mass with aging?

A

decrease

40
Q

% body fat with aging?

A

increase

41
Q

Glucose tolerance with aging?

A

decrease

42
Q

Recovery time with aging?

A

increase

43
Q

With age, there is a _______ threshold for disease.

A

lower

44
Q

What are two primary goal of exercise training in the elderly?

A
  1. Change exercise behaviour

2. Improve fitness

45
Q

A ________ goal of exercise training in the elderly is to improve specific symptoms or conditions such as arthritis, pain, depression, sleep disturbance, angina, glucose control, blood pressure, etc.

A

secondary

46
Q

When testing the elderly, the initial workload should be ____.

A

low

47
Q

_______ exercise may be preferable to treadmill for those with impairments such as poor balance or poor neuromuscular coordination.

A

cycle

48
Q

________ during exercise are more common in the elderly compared to younger individuals.

A

arrhythmias

49
Q

_____ HR peak is preferable to ____ ______ HR peak when prescribing aerobic exercise.

A

measured; age predicted

50
Q

There is ______ variability in HR peak in persons over 65 years of age.

A

high

51
Q

Prescription based on HR or HRR can be difficult in the elderly due to what 3 things?

A
  1. arrhythmias
  2. pacemakers
  3. beta-blockers
52
Q

_____ _____ ____ =body mass minus mass of all body fat q

A

fat free mass

53
Q

______ fat = fat found within bone marrow, nervous tissue and internal organs

A

essential

54
Q

______ fat = visceral and subcutaneous adipose stores

A

storage

55
Q

_____ body mass = body mass minus mass of storage fat

A

lean

56
Q

What are the 3 categories of factors that contribute to obesity?

A
  1. Lifestyle
  2. Psychosocial
  3. Biomedical
57
Q

____ ______ = highly correlated to total adiposity and BMI

A

WC

58
Q

Is WC or waist/hip ratio preferred?

A

WC

59
Q

WC correlates highly with ___ ______ ______ (r = .80)

A

intra-abdominal adiposity

60
Q

The ____ ______ equation dictates that body mass remains constant when caloric intake = caloric expenditure.

A

energy balance

61
Q

Out of VO2, work rate, Ve, and Vt, what is the only variable that is lower in an obese population?

A

Vt

62
Q

In an obese individual, alveolar hypoventilation and increased WOB due to what?

A

Increased mass of chest wall and abdomen

63
Q

Obese individuals have impaired diaphragmatic _______.

A

excursions

64
Q

Weakness and laxity of the ______ and _______ structures contribute to airway obstruction and obstructive sleep apnea.

A

oropharyngeal; hypopharyngeal

65
Q

What is the order of obesity treatment for individuals with a BMI of 25-30?

A

lifestyle modification

66
Q

What is the order of obesity treatment for individuals with a BMI of 30-40?

A

lifestyle modification –> pharmacotherapy

67
Q

What is the order of obesity treatment for individuals with a BMI of > 40?

A

lifestyle modification –> pharmacotherapy –> surgery

68
Q

All obese individuals find it difficult to participate in ADL’s (T/F)?

A

FALSE; only really morbidly obese

69
Q

Combined reductions in every intake with increase in expenditure results in an initial __-__% reduction in body weight.

A

9-10

70
Q

PA has little impact on weight loss in the initial __ month intervention compared with reductions in energy intake.

A

6

71
Q

_____ ______ appears to be critical for sustaining weight loss and preventing weight gain.

A

PA

72
Q

Goals of an exercise program for the obese are _____ and _______.

A

adherence; consistency

73
Q

Losing weight for most obese individuals is not the problem, its maintaining weight loss (T/F).

A

TRUE

74
Q

Obesity is associated with what 4 impairments specific to exercise?

A
  1. increased submax VO2
  2. Abnormal breathing pattern responses
  3. EFL
  4. Increased dyspnea/leg fatigue
75
Q

Is diabetes more common in males or females?

A

males

76
Q

__ in 11 canadians have diabetes mellitus

A

1

77
Q

Canada has the __rd highest prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the world.

A

3

78
Q

Type I diabetes mellitus is ~ ___% of diabetes cases.

A

10

79
Q

What are fasting and casual levels of blood glucose for no diabetes?

A

<6.1mmol/L; <7.8mmol/L

80
Q

What are fasting and casual levels of blood glucose for pre diabetes?

A

6.1-6.9mmol/L; 7.8-11.1mmol/L

81
Q

What are fasting and casual levels of blood glucose for diabetes?

A

> or equal to 7mmol/L; >or equal to 11.1 mmol/L + SYMPTOMS

82
Q

What are 5 symptoms of hypoglycaemia?

A
  1. Dizziness
  2. Nausea
  3. Headache
  4. Confusion
  5. Irritability
83
Q

Individuals with diabetes should consume 20-30g of CHO if pre or post exercise blood glucose is < ____ mmol/L.

A

5.6

PHTH 527 (10 decks)

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