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FJCL Regional Study Guides > FJCL Hellenic History > Flashcards

FJCL Hellenic History Flashcards

https://www.njcl.org/Portals/1/NHCE%20Study%20Guide%20%28All%20levels%29.pdf

1
Q

With what event in 776 does Hellenic History officially begin?

A

First Olympics

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2
Q

In what year does Hellenic History officially begin with the onset of the Olympics?

A

776

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3
Q

When a colony was founded, what leader of the colonists would take fire from the hearth of the mother-city to start a fire in the new city’s hearth?

A

Oecist

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4
Q

What was technically the first Greek colony, which did not last long?

A

Pithecusae

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5
Q

What Greek Italian colony (rather than Pithecusae) is more regularly known as the first colony?

A

Cumae

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6
Q

In 734, Corinth founded what colony in Sicily, which would later become the largest city in the Greek world?

A

Syracuse

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7
Q

In 707, the Spartans founded their one and only colony where?

A

Taras (Tarentum)

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8
Q

What city is also called Lacedaemon?

A

Sparta

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9
Q

Who developed the Spartan constitution in 885?

A

Lycurgus

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10
Q

With what neighboring city did Sparta wage war in the late eighth century?

A

Messenia

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11
Q

What legendary Messenian hero is said to have sacrificed his daughter to save his city against Sparta to no avail?

A

Aristodemus

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12
Q

What people, despite outnumbering the Spartans 10:1, were subjugated and forced to become helots to Sparta in the late eighth century?

A

Messenians

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13
Q

What Greek city on the Peloponnesus famously never had a tyrant?

A

Sparta

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14
Q

What city was ruled by 2 kings at a time who each had power over each other, much like Rome’s consular system?

A

Sparta

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15
Q

What group of 5 men, 2 of whom had to accompany kings on campaign, were chosen out of the Spartan Gerousia?

A

Ephors

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16
Q

What name was given to the Spartan counsel of 30 noblemen, including the kings not over the age of 60?

A

Gerousia

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17
Q

What name is given to the assembly of all Spartan citizens, members of which could not vote until they were 30?

A

Apella

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18
Q

At what age were Spartan boys taken from their mothers and put in a group camp to prepare for military service?

A

7

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19
Q

Participation in athletics, ownership of property, management of husband’s lands, etc. were among the rights of women held in what Greek city?

A

Sparta

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20
Q

Spartan women had all the rights of men except for what two rights?

A

To vote and hold office

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21
Q

After learning the location of the bones of Orestes, whom did Sparta invade and conquer?

A

Tegea

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22
Q

After defeating Argos, Sparta formed and headed what league?

A

Peloponnesian League

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23
Q

What name is given to rule without democratic representation?

A

Tyranny

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24
Q

What Dorian city, found just outside the Peloponnesus, was ruled after the fall of its monarchy by the Bacchiads, an aristocratic family?

A

Corinth

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25
Q

Despite being hidden in a chest (from which he’s named), what man overthrew the Bacchiads to become the first Tyrant of Corinth?

A

Cypselus

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26
Q

What son of Cypselus succeeded his father as tyrant of Corinth around 620?

A

Periander

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27
Q

Under whose tyranny did Corinth reach its greatest prosperity and power?

A

Periander

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28
Q

In what region of Greece was Athens located?

A

Attica

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29
Q

What process of combining political entities into one gave Athenian citizenship and rights to all inhabitants of Attica?

A

Synoecism

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30
Q

What name is given to the hill in the middle of Athens?

A

Acropolis

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31
Q

What early Athenian tried to establish tyranny in the city before was besieged on the Acropolis and killed by Megacles?

A

Cylon

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32
Q

While trying to establish tyranny in Athens, Cylon was killed by what other Athenian?

A

Megacles

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33
Q

What man’s actions caused his descendants, the Alcmeonids, to be stigmatized for generations?

A

Megacles

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34
Q

In 621, what Athenian instituted an especially harsh law code?

A

Draco

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35
Q

What Athenian statesman and poet served as archon for 594-593 before going into voluntary exile after his rule?

A

Solon

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36
Q

Solon helped turning Athens from an aristocracy to what other form of government in which classes are determined by wealth rather than birth?

A

Timocracy

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37
Q

Solon’s first act as archon was what action, a cancellation of enslavement for debt?

A

Seisachtheia

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38
Q

Changing Athenian currency, adding lot to the election process, and the seisactheia were reforms made by what archon?

A

Solon

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39
Q

Which Athenian political party opposed the institutions of Solon and which party favored them?

A

Plains opposed, Coast favored

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40
Q

In 561, what man became the first tyrant of Athens?

A

Pisistratus

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41
Q

What political party was formed by the Athenian Pisistratus?

A

Hills

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42
Q

What Athenian tyrant paved the way for the end of the Hektemoroi (laborers) class by giving them land?

A

Pisistratus

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43
Q

Following a war with Megara, Pisistratus added what island to Athens?

A

Salamis

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44
Q

Pisistratus added Salamis to Athens following a war with whom?

A

Megara

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45
Q

Following the death of Pisistratus in 528, what two sons succeeded him?

A

Hippias and Hipparchus

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46
Q

Hippias and Hipparchus succeeded what man, their father, as rulers of Athens?

A

Pisistratus

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47
Q

Because he had not allowed Harmodius’s sister to carry a basket in the Panathenaic procession, what Athenian ruler (and son of Pisistratus) was killed by Harmodius and Aristogiton?

A

Hipparchus

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48
Q

What two men assassinated HIpparchus because he had not allowed the sister of one of them to carry a basket in the Panathenaic procession?

A

Harmodius and Aristogiton

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49
Q

In 510, what Spartan king invaded Athens at the behest of the exiled Alcmaeonids to force Hippias out of power?

A

Cleomenes

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50
Q

After Cleomenes invaded Athens, where was Hippias exiled?

A

Persia

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51
Q

With Hippias exiled to Persia, what Alcmaeonid instituted a number of reforms to make Athens a true democracy?

A

Cleisthenes

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52
Q

What type of new council, whose 500 members were determined by lot, was instituted by Cleisthenes in Athens?

A

Boule

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53
Q

What generals were elected by the assembly in Athens each year and eventually grew more important than the polemarch?

A

Strategoi

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54
Q

In what year did Athens fully embrace democracy?

A

508

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55
Q

The Persian Empire fell into crisis after what king, the son of Cyrus, died without an heir?

A

Cambyses

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56
Q

What Persian, the leader of the king’s bodyguards, seized the throne after the death of Cambyses?

A

Darius I (The Great)

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57
Q

Aristagoras, a leader of what most powerful Ionian city, appealed to Athens for aid during the Persian revolt?

A

Miletus

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58
Q

What leader of Miletus, the most powerful Ionian city, appealed to Athens for aid in the Persian revolt?

A

Aristagoras

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59
Q

What city, the former Lydian capital and the Persian provincial capital for the region, did the Ionian Greek rebels sack in 497?

A

Sardis

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60
Q

Following the sack of Sardis, the Persians responded by defeating the Ionians at what battle in 494?

A

Lade

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61
Q

In 492, what Persian general conquered all of Thrace and Macedonia?

A

Mardonius

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62
Q

In 490, Darius I sent what general to punish Athens for helping the Ionian revolt against Persia?

A

Datis

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63
Q

Whom did Darius, Datis, and the other Persians aim to reinstall as leader in Athens in 490?

A

Hippias

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64
Q

As the Persians bore down Athens, they sent Phidippides (or Philippides) to what city for assistance, who had to deny due to an ongoing religious festival?

A

Sparta

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65
Q

What small city aided Athens in the Battle of Marathon against Persia by sending 1000 soldiers?

A

Plataea

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66
Q

What Athenian strategos was in command during the Battle of Marathon?

A

Militiades

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67
Q

What military formation, manned by hoplite soldiers, did Greek armies typically use?

A

Phalanx

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68
Q

Who was the Polemarch of Militiades who instructed his soldiers to lay a flanking trap for the Persians at the Battle of Marathon?

A

Callimachus

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69
Q

Only 192 Athenians and Plataeans were killed at what battle against the Persians who were unable to overcome the superior hoplites?

A

Marathon

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70
Q

Following what battle did the Greek Phidippides (or Philippides) run the 26 miles to Sparta to yell “Nike!” (“Victory!”) before dying?

A

Marathon

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71
Q

Following the battle of Marathon, what Greek ran the 26 miles to Sparta to yell “Nike!” (“Victory!”) before dying?

A

Phidippides (or Philippides)

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72
Q

in 485, what man took the throne of Persia following the death of his father, Darius I?

A

Xerxes

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73
Q

What would happen if a majority of the Ecclesia voted for a person to be ostracized?

A

They would be exiled for 10 years

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74
Q

What is the meaning of the Greek word ‘ostrakon’ from which ostracism is derived?

A

vessel (as in a clay vessel)

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75
Q

What politician and rival of Cleisthenes was the first person to suffer an Athenian ostracism?

A

Hipparchus (different one, not the son of Pisistratus)

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76
Q

What Athenian grew to extreme prominence during the foundation of the ostracism, forcing it upon Megacles, Xanthippus, and Aristides?

A

Themistocles

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77
Q

With what type of ship did Themistocles replace the pentaconters after discovering a silver vein in Laurion?

A

Triremes

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78
Q

As the Persians began to threaten Greece, some individuals and cities began siding with them in a process known as what?

A

Medizing (favoring the Medes)

79
Q

Early in 480, a naval delaying action was fought where in at attempt to slow the Persian forces?

A

Artemisium

80
Q

At what battle in July of 480 did just 7,000 Greek soldiers defend against the forces of 200,000 Persians?

A

Thermopylae

81
Q

What Spartan king was the leader of the Greek forces at Thermopylae?

A

Leonidas

82
Q

How many Spartans (along with the 1,100 allied Greek troops) were left to defend the mountain pass at Thermopylae?

A

300

83
Q

Who, the Greek equivalent of Benedict Arnold, told the Persians about the narrow trail around the mountain pass at Thermopylae?

A

Ephialtes

84
Q

What name was given to the best of Xerxes’s soldiers?

A

Immortals

85
Q

Before the battle of Thermopylae, when a retreating Greek told a Spartan that Persian arrows would block out the sun, with what did the Spartan respond?

A

“I prefer to fight in the shade”

86
Q

As the Persians advanced towards Athens, what did the Oracle tell the Athenians?

A

To put their trust in the wooden wall

87
Q

When the Oracle told Athens to put their trust in the wooden wall, how did Themistocles interpret that?

A

To put all their hopes on the navy

88
Q

What Athenian is said to have tricked the Persians by sending false information to Xerxes before the battle of Salamis in 480?

A

Themistocles

89
Q

Before what battle in 480 did Themistocles send false info to trick Xerxes and the Persians?

A

Salamis

90
Q

What Carian queen gave advice to Xerxes urging him not to fight the Greeks at Salamis to no avail?

A

Artemisia

91
Q

In 479, the Spartan Pausanias led the Greek army at what battle to defeat the Persians?

A

Plataea

92
Q

Who led the Greek army to defeat the Persians led by Mardonius at Plataea in 479?

A

Pausanias

93
Q

At what final battle of the Persian wars did Leotychidas command the Greeks in 479?

A

Mycale

94
Q

What league did Athens found following the Persian wars in 477?

A

Delian League

95
Q

What Athenian statesman, known as “The Just” was tasked with keeping up the League’s finances?

A

Aristides

96
Q

What man was largely responsible for the birth of Athenian naval power?

A

Themistocles

97
Q

Xanthippus and Aristides eclipsed in power what Athenian who was ostracized to Persia in 472?

A

Themistocles

98
Q

In 458, Athens completed the Long Walls which connected it to its port called what?

A

Piraeus

99
Q

What symbol of Athenian power did Athens complete in 458 to connect the city to its port, Piraeus?

A

The Long Walls

100
Q

What commander of the Delian league, who won many victories over the Persians, was ostracized in 461?

A

Cimon

101
Q

In 454, to what city was the treasury of the Delian League moved?

A

Athens

102
Q

Whose murder in 461 left Pericles basically in charge of Athens?

A

Ephialtes

103
Q

What two men led the opposition party pushing for Cimon’s exile in 461?

A

Pericles and Ephialtes

104
Q

What war began in 459 when Athenian forces seized Naupactus and Megara surrendered?

A

First Peloponnesian War

105
Q

With what city’s submission to Athens does the First Peloponnesian War begin?

A

Megara

106
Q

Before what battle of 457 between Athens and Sparta did Cimon beg to be reinstated?

A

Tanagra

107
Q

Under the command of Myronides, Athens invaded and controlled all of Boeotia except for what city?

A

Thebes

108
Q

During the First Peloponnesian War, Athens lost control of Boeotia after losing what battle in 447?

A

Coronea

109
Q

In 449, what treaty was signed between Athens and Persia?

A

Peace of Callias

110
Q

In 446 (or 445), what treaty was signed by Athens and Sparta ending the First Peloponnesian War?

A

Thirty Years’ Peace

111
Q

What Athenian was elected strategos for 15 consecutive years from 444-429)

A

Pericles

112
Q

In 435, war between Corinth and her colony Corcyra eventually escalated into what major war?

A

Second Peloponnesian War

113
Q

The Second Peloponnesian War escalated from what city’s war with her colony Corcyra 4 years prior?

A

Corinth

114
Q

What Athenian statesman who opposed Pericles wrote the History of the Peloponnesian War, covering the conflict until 411?

A

Thucydides

115
Q

What Spartan king invaded Attica in 431, thus beginning the Second Peloponnesian War?

A

Archidamus

116
Q

What devastating event happened in Athens in 430?

A

Plague

117
Q

What prominent Athenian died from the plague in 429?

A

Pericles

118
Q

To what city does Sparta lay siege and capture in 427?

A

Plataea

119
Q

In 428, what city tries to revolt from Athens for which they were swiftly defeated, their men sentenced to death, and the women and children to slavery?

A

Mytilene

120
Q

In 425, which Athenian general captures 100 Spartans at Sphacteria, a rarity as Spartans typically do not surrender?

A

Cleon

121
Q

Which Spartan general forced Athens into a one year truce in 423?

A

Brasidas

122
Q

Both the Spartan Brasidas and the Athenian Cleon were killed at what battle, a Spartan victory?

A

Amphipolis

123
Q

In 421, what treaty, named after an Athenian statesman, is agreed to by Athens and Sparta?

A

Nicias

124
Q

What name is given to the first ten years of the Second Peloponnesian War?

A

Archidamian War

125
Q

What Athenian rises to prominence in 420 and convinces Athens to undertake an expedition against Epidaurus, therefore breaking the Peace of Nicias?

A

Alcibiades

126
Q

Following the expedition against Epidaurus, Athens then sets out to Sicily to force what Spartan ally from the war?

A

Syracuse

127
Q

What sacrilegious event, for which Alcibiades was framed, occurs in Athens at 415?

A

Mutilation of the Herms (Hermes Statues)

128
Q

What man is originally accused of the Mutilation of the Herms, but is acquitted?

A

Alcibiades

129
Q

Following Alcibiades’s acquittal for the Mutilation of the Herms, who confessed to the crime and fled to Sparta?

A

Andocides

130
Q

What man convinced Sparta to fortify Decelea and aid Syracuse after fleeing to Sparta in 414?

A

Andocides

131
Q

Whom does Sparta send to aid Syracuse against Athens during the Second Peloponnesian War?

A

Gylippus

132
Q

What phenomenon is potentially partly to blame for the failure of the Athenian expedition to Syracuse in 413?

A

An eclipse

133
Q

What Athenian general led the expedition of Sicily in 413 and essentially doomed Athens after losing 45,000 men?

A

Nicias

134
Q

In 411, what man led “the four hundred”, an oligarchic group, to power in Athens?

A

Theramenes

135
Q

“The Four Hundred” led by Theramenes were very quickly replaced as the power group in Athens by what other group?

A

The Five Thousand

136
Q

After what Athenian victory, led by Alcibiades, was Athenian democracy restored in 410?

A

Cyzicus

137
Q

In what battle of 407 does Alcibiades lose to the Spartan admiral Lysander, for which Alcibiades is removed from command?

A

Notion

138
Q

What battle does Athens win in 406?

A

Arginusae

139
Q

In what battle of 405 does the Spartan admiral defeat Athens, the final major battle of the Second Peloponnesian War?

A

Aegospotami

140
Q

In what year was Athens forced to surrender the Second Peloponnesian War and tear down their Long Walls?

A

404

141
Q

Following the Second Peloponnesian War, Sparta set up an oligarchic structure in Athens called what?

A

Thirty Tyrants

142
Q

What man officially proposed the institution of the Thirty Tyrants?

A

Draconides

143
Q

Who was the most radical of the Thirty Tyrants who condemns his fellow tyrant Theramenes to death in 403?

A

Critias

144
Q

Who captains the rebels in a civil war against the Thirty Tyrants leading to the death of Critias?

A

Thrasybulus

145
Q

Between what two Persians was there a civil war to contend for the throne?

A

Cyrus the Younger and Artaxerxes

146
Q

Who hires 10,000 Greek mercenaries in an attempt to defeat Artaxerxes for the throne of Persia?

A

Cyrus the Younger

147
Q

In what battle of 401 were the Greek mercenaries led by Clearchus victorious, but Cyrus was killed?

A

Cunaxa

148
Q

Who took command of the leaderless Greek mercenaries following the battle of Cunaxa and led them on the March of the Ten Thousand?

A

Xenophon

149
Q

Who wrote the Anabasis, an account of his March of the Ten Thousand?

A

Xenophon

150
Q

“Thalassa, Thalassa!” was uttered by the Greek mercenaries once they reached the Black Sea during the March of the Ten Thousand according to whose Anabasis?

A

Xenophon’s

151
Q

Who came to the throne of Sparta in 398 and succeeded Lysander as the most important Spartan?

A

Agesilaus

152
Q

What term is given to Spartan governors?

A

Harmosts

153
Q

What Athenian admiral was appointed commander of a large Persian fleet and defeated the Spartans at Cnidus in 394?

A

Conon

154
Q

Who was killed at the siege of Haliartus in 395?

A

Lysander

155
Q

In 386, what name was given to the treaty imposed by Persia between them and Sparta?

A

King’s Peace

156
Q

Known as the “Aristides of the Second Athenian League”, who organized the finances of the Second Athenian Confederacy in 378?

A

Callistratus

157
Q

As part of the Second Athenian Confederacy, Athens allies themselves with what other city?

A

Thebes

158
Q

Who led the Athenians to a victory over the Spartans at Naxos in 376?

A

Chabrias

159
Q

While Athens and Sparta agreed to the Peace of Callias in 371, what city was excluded from the truce and continued fighting with Sparta?

A

Thebes

160
Q

Who led the Thebans to a victory against the Cleombrotus-led Spartans at Leuctra, ending Spartan hegemony?

A

Epaminondas

161
Q

Following Sparta’s defeat at what battle was Spartan hegemony ended?

A

Leuctra

162
Q

Who laid down
designs for domination of eastern Greece, but was assassinated in 370?

A

Jason of Pherae

163
Q

Who became the dominant power in Greece following the battle of Leuctra?

A

Thebes

164
Q

What city did Thebes found in 370 (or 369) through synoikismos (synoecism)?

A

Megalopolis

165
Q

To keep Sparta in check, Thebes founds Megalopolis and what new league?

A

Arcadian League

166
Q

What Theban dies in single combat against Gryllus, the son of Xenophon, at the battle of Mantinea in 362?

A

Epaminondas

167
Q

At what battle of 362 did Epaminondas and the Thebans end Spartan prominence forever?

A

Mantinea

168
Q

Who came into the rule of Macedon in 364?

A

Philip II

169
Q

Having been taken hostage in Thebes at 15 and learning Epaminondas’s infantry tactics, who was able to unite Macedonia and take control of northern Greece?

A

Philip II

170
Q

What Athenian orator spoke out against the increasing power of Macedonia?

A

Demosthenes

171
Q

Who are the parents of Alexander the Great, who was born in 356?

A

Philip II and Olympias

172
Q

What orator, as a counter to Demosthenes, supported Philip II and Macedonia?

A

Isocrates

173
Q

What Phocian king was the only man to defeat Philip II, but eventually fell to him?

A

Onomarchus

174
Q

During the same period of Philip’s increasing power and influence, who was the financial officer of the Theoric Fund?

A

Eubulus

175
Q

What name is given to the invective speeches of Demosthenes against Philip II?

A

Philippics

176
Q

What Athenian orator, who overcame a speech impediment by speaking with rocks in his mouth, delivered speeches called the Philippics against Philip II?

A

Demosthenes

177
Q

With what treaty of 346 did Athens and Macedonia agree to peace for just 5 years?

A

Peace of Philocrates

178
Q

At what battle of 338 did Philip II and Alexander defeat the combined forces of Thebes and Athens?

A

Chaeronea

179
Q

After what battle in 338 was Philip II the undisputed master of Greece before he was assassinated in 336?

A

Chaeronea

180
Q

Who is victorious at the battle of Chaeronea in 338?

A

Philip II

181
Q

Who defeats the Persians at the battle of Granicus in 334?

A

Alexander

182
Q

In 333, who famously cuts the Gordian knot with his sword?

A

Alexander

183
Q

At what battle of 333 does Alexander defeat the Persian king Darius III?

A

Issus

184
Q

Who defeats Darius III at the battle of Issus in 333?

A

Alexander

185
Q

What Persian king does Alexander defeat at the battle of Issus in 333?

A

Darius III

186
Q

What island city does Alexander capture after a 7 month siege in 332?

A

Tyre

187
Q

Alexander conquers Egypt in 332 then founds what city in 331?

A

Alexandria

188
Q

At what battle of 331 does Alexander defeat Darius and 200,000 Persians?

A

Gaugamela

189
Q

What two Persian capitals do Alexander and the Greeks sack following the battle of Gaugamela?

A

Susa and Persepolis

190
Q

What general of Alexander kills Darius III?

A

Bessus

191
Q

Who was Alexander’s horse whom was killed in a battle in India?

A

Bucephalus

192
Q

Where does Alexander die in 323 at the age of 33?

A

Babylon

193
Q

On what specific day does Alexander fall ill and die?

A

June 13, 323

FJCL Regional Study Guides (12 decks)

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