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Mr. McGill A2 > Fisheries > Flashcards

Fisheries Flashcards

1
Q

People that depend on fisheries for income

A

Recreation & Entertainment

Sport fishing

Diving & tourism

Aquarium trade

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2
Q

Sustainable Fishing

A

fishing up to the maximum sustainable yield so that future fish stocks are not at risk of being depleted

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3
Q

Maximum Sustainable Yield

A

the intensity of fishing that can be carried out without reducing future populations

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4
Q

Exploitation rate

A

the proportion of the numbers or biomass removed by fishing

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5
Q

What does sonar mean?

A

SOund Navigation And Ranging

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6
Q

What is sonar?

A

a technique which can be used to measure sea depths and locate underwater objects including wrecks and shoals of fish

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7
Q

How does a sonar work?

A
  • Transducers emit sound waves that are reflected by air in the swim bladders of fish like an echo.
  • The fish-finder will then measure the time interval for the rebound and determine the distance, direction and depth of the fish.
  • Fish have nowhere to hide.
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8
Q

What is a Purse Seine?

A

A sein net used capture pelagic shoal of fish, it has a series of ropes that are used to close it and trap the fish before hauling them on board

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9
Q

What is the problem with Purse Seines?

A

Unintended bycatch; i.e. dolphin, sharks, sea turtles

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10
Q

What is the problem with Hook and Line & Long Line?

A

It is hard to be selective with this gear…but, possible. E.g., choosing bait, jigs, lures, and hook sizes known to catch their target species

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11
Q

What is a gill net?

A

panel of webbing of clear monofilament line; can be set at any depth; fish can’t see the net, so they swim right into it and are caught

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12
Q

What is the problem with gill nets?

A

Lots of bycatch (“junk”/non-target) – animals that are too large to pass through the webbing (mammals, turtles, etc.)

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13
Q

What is benthic trawling?

A

A fishing method that drags a net along the seabed; wooden boards at the front of the net keep the net open and stir up the seabed, causing damage

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14
Q

What is the problem with Benthic Trawling?

A
  • There is a large bycatch
  • Trawling can cause considerable damage to the sea floor ecosystem, but the extent of this damage varies according to fishing frequency and the stability of the substrate
  • Damage to the habitat may lead to changes in fish stocks through food chains and food webs
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15
Q

What are factory ships?

A

large, ocean-going fishing boats with on-board processing and freezing facilities.

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16
Q

What is the advantage of factory ships?

A

They are able to stay at sea for many weeks at a time

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17
Q

What is the problem with factory ships?

A

These large scale fishing methods can lead to serious depletion of fish stocks and harmful effects on non-target species. This means essentially no respite for the areas fished.

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18
Q

How is income impacted by restricted fishing?

A

Human communities that are dependent on fishing may experience changes in income as a result of unrestricted fishing and depletion of stocks

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19
Q

How is industry impacted by restricted fishing?

A

Depleted stock has impacts on the fishing industry itself and associated industries including processing, marketing, distribution and transport.

20
Q

Equation for recruitment

A

Recruitment >= natural mortality + fishing mortality

21
Q

What is recruitment?

A

Rate of addition of new fish to the population, which depends on the rate of reproduction

22
Q

How can recruitment occur?

A

by migration of species e.g. a gradual movement of a population from one areas population to another due to adaptations, a changing of old for young or change in environmental conditions such as gulf stream changes

23
Q

What is mortality?

A

The death rate; natural mortality is the death rate arising from natural causes, while fishing mortality is the death rate caused by fishing

24
Q

What are factors that can affect mortality?

A

Temperature, pH, CO2 concentration, availability of oxygen, availability of nutrients, fishing effort

25
Q

What does pelagic mean?

A

the open sea

26
Q

How can data on growth be obtained?

A

Rate of addition of new fish to the population, which depends on the rate of reproduction

27
Q

What is fecundity?

A

Refers to the number of eggs/live young produced by a marine organism

28
Q

What are the ways in which you can monitor fish stocks?

A

Recruitment, Mortality, Growth, Age of Reproductive Maturity, Fecundity, Habitat

29
Q

What is demersal?

A

Region of sea close to seabed, demersal fish live on or close to the seabed

30
Q

What are the methods to ensure sustainable fishing?

A
  • Setting Fish Quotas
  • Restriction by Season
  • Restriction by Location
  • Restriction of Method
  • Restriction on Size of Fish Retained
  • Restricting Fishing Intensity
  • Market-Orientated Tools
31
Q

What does restriction by season allow?

A
  • Allow maturation and recruitment
  • Protect breeding stock and aggregation sites
  • Restrict areas where juvenile fish need to develop
  • Restrict fishing methods during migrations to avoid bycatch of migrating animals (whales and turtles)
32
Q

What does restriction by location allow?

A
  • Protecting breeding locations and areas of juvenile populations ensures recruitment can continue.
  • Allows depleted stock a location to recover
  • Prevents habitat destruction in sensitive areas
33
Q

What does restriction on size of fish retained allow?

A
  • Restrict a minimum size to fish to ensure they have matured enough to reproduce prior to being harvested.
  • Involves measuring the fish immediately after catch and throwing back fish that are undersized
34
Q

What does restricting fishing intensity allow?

A

Regulate:

  • Number of boats / fleet size
  • Boat sized
  • Engine size
  • Fishing gear
  • Number of boat-days

-Restricting boat size can help the smaller scale fishers and smaller economies to ensure large factory vessels are not taking income from local developing communities.

35
Q

Name the methods of monitoring and surveillance

A
  • Air patrol
  • Sea patrol
  • Satellite monitoring
  • Inspection of catch
  • Catch per unit effort
36
Q

What is the problem with air and sea patrolling

A

The area to monitor can be very large = difficult to monitor

37
Q

What are the advantages of air and sea patroll

A
  • monitor ‘real-time’ fishing
  • place observers on boats with little warning
  • work together as a team.
38
Q

What are the disadvantages of air and sea patroll

A
  • there is a high financial cost
  • trained staff are required
  • they cannot cover all fishing areas
  • they can be spotted, and ships may then discard evidence.
39
Q

Advantages of catch inspcetion

A
  • self-monitoring with licenses, which encourages ownership of fishing regulation by the fishers
  • random checks, which allow quotas and fishing methods to be monitored
  • fish records, which means that it is easy to trace illegally caught fish back to a particular ship
40
Q

Disadvantages of catch inspection

A
  • records may be falsified
  • if inspectors are present on a ship, fishing practices may be modified
  • they are expensive to carry out
  • fisheries may distrust the inspectors.
41
Q

Advantages of Satellite monitoring

A
  • Rapid transfer of information about fishing boats to regulators
  • Gathers detailed information about boats
  • Reaches all areas of the ocean at all times
  • Can gather data about catches as soon as they are taken
42
Q

Disadvantages of Satellite monitoring

A
  • Costly
  • Not all boats have the technology
  • Manual inspections still need to be carried out.
  • Local authorities required for enforcement.
43
Q

What is the catch per unit effort?

A

A measure of fish abundance calculated from the catch size divided by the fishing effort

44
Q

What is the formula for CPUE

A

CPEU= fish catch / fishing effort

45
Q

List some methods of enforcements

A
  • Bans
  • Fines
  • Confiscation of boats and or gear
  • Imprisonment
46
Q

List some methods of rehabilitation

A
  • Replanting Mangroves
  • Building Artificial Reefs
  • Releasing Cultivated Fish

Mr. McGill A2 (13 decks)

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