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BIO422 Finals > Fish > Flashcards

Fish Flashcards

1
Q

what is a fish

A

an aquatic vertebrate with gills, limbs in the form of fins, and usually with skin covered in scales of dermal origin

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2
Q

fish

A
  • can be defined as all vertebrates that are not tetrapods
  • about 32,000 living species which are more than all other vertebrates combined
  • common ancestor of fishes is also an ancestor of land vertebrates
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3
Q

characteristics of fish

A
  • streamlined bodies and fins
  • swim bladder to control buoyancy
  • specialized organs for salt and water exchange to fit their environment
  • gills
  • excellent visual and olfactory senses
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4
Q

three types of caudal fins

A
  • heterocercal (shark)
  • diphycercal (lungfish)
  • homocercal (perch)
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5
Q

four types of fish scales

A
  • placoid scales (cartilaginous fishes)
  • ganoid scales (nonteleost bony fishes)
  • cycloid scales (teleost fishes)
  • ctenoid scales (teleost fishes)
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6
Q

what do scales tell you about a fish

A
  • it can give you an idea about the age and growth of a fish
  • as the fish grow, their hard parts must also grow accordingly
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7
Q

living jawless fishes

A
  • sea lampreys (pretomyzontida)
  • hagfishes (myxini)
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8
Q

characteristics that sea lampreys and hagfishes share

A
  • both lack jaws, internal ossification, scales, or paired fins
  • share pore-like gill openings and an eel-like body
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9
Q

descendants of the earliest know vertebrates, a group of paleozoic jawless fishes

A

ostracoderms

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10
Q

what superclass do hagfishes and sea lampreys belong

A

superclass agnatha (without jaws)

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11
Q

why are sea lampreys named as such

A

comes from the habit of grasping onto stone with their mouth

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12
Q

marine lamprey that is destructive to native fishes

A

petromyzon marinus

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13
Q

sea lampreys are

A

parasitic pests

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14
Q

lampreys are anadromous meaning

A

they ascend rivers and streams to spawn

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15
Q

young larvae of sea lampreys

A

ammocoetes

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16
Q

freshwater lampreys

A

brook or river lampreys

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17
Q

a small, oval area marking the position of the so-called third eye in sea lampreys

A

pineal organ

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18
Q

pineal organ

A

not an eye in the true sense, but does contain photoreceptors that detect changes in illumination and adjust internal activities of the lamprey

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19
Q

lateral line system of lampreys

A

consists of specialized receptors located in small patches on the head and trunk of the lamprey

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20
Q

sea lamprey life cycle

A

reproduction is streams -> filter-feeding ammocoete larvae -> metamorphosis -> migration toward lakes -> parasitic stage in lakes

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21
Q

an entirely marine group that feeds on annelids, molluscs, crustaceans, and dead or dying animals

A

hagfishes

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22
Q

characteristics of hagfishes

A
  • marine scavengers
  • nearly blind
  • can enter the prey’s body through the mouth
  • secretes fluid that becomes slimy in contact with seawater
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23
Q

characteristics of chondrichthyes

A
  • cartilaginous fishes
  • 2 subgroups: elasmobranchii (sharks, skates, rays) and holocephali (chimaeras)
  • have well developed sense organs, powerful jaws, swimming musculature, and predaceous habits helped them survive
  • cartilage in their skeletons is strengthened by calcium salts
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24
Q

chondrichthyes: marine or freshwater

A

almost all chondrichthyans are marine and only 28 species live primarily in freshwater

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25
Q

characteristics of elasmobranchii

A
  • skeletons made of cartilage
  • buccal pumping; with 5 to 7 gill slits in front of pectoral fins
  • tough, leathery skin with placoid scales
  • fusiform or spindle-shaped body
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26
Q

feeding behavior of elasmobranchii

A

most are carnivores and many are top predators

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27
Q

type of tail: the vertebral column turns upward and extends into the dorsal lobe of the caudal fins, provides thrust and some lift as it sweeps back and forth

A

heterocercal tail

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28
Q

fin in male sharks that is modified to form a clasper

A

medial part of the pelvic fin

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29
Q

used to introduce sperm into a female’s reproductive tract during copulation

A

clasper

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30
Q

scales of sharks

A

dermal placoid scales

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31
Q

reduces the turbulence of water flowing along the body surface during swimming

A

dermal placoid scales

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32
Q

the part of the head anterior to the eyes

A

rostrum (snout)

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33
Q

modified gill slits that open into the pharynx

A

pair of dorsal spiracles

34
Q

a white line on each side of the trunk that represents a row of minute, mucus-filled sensory pores used to detect differences in velocity of surrounding water currents and presence of other animals

A

lateral line (system)

35
Q

electroreceptors located primarily on the shark’s head

A

ampullae of lorenzini

36
Q

fertilization of chondrichthyans

A

all have internal fertilization but maternal support of embroys is highly variable

37
Q

sharks that lay shelled eggs containing a large amount of yolk

A

oviparous

38
Q

sharks that are dependent on the mother for nourishment through the placental connection

A

viviparous

39
Q

retaining developing young in the uterus, and giving birth to fully formed young

A

viviparous

40
Q

retain developing young in the uterus while they are nourished by contents of their yolk sac until born

A

ovoviviparous

41
Q

have shorter, thicker tails, and stingers are absent

A

skates

42
Q

have slender, whip-like tail with one or more saw-like spines

A

stingrays

43
Q

have large electric organs on each side of the head

A

electric rays

44
Q

cartilaginous fishes

A

chondrichthyes

45
Q

bony fishes

A

osteichthyes

46
Q

characteristics of bony fishes

A
  • fish with bony endoskeletons that gave rise to a clade that contains 96% of living fishes and all living tetrapods
  • presence of operculum
  • two major lineages: actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) and sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes)
47
Q

this feature increases respiratory efficiency

A

operculum

48
Q

osteichthyes: feeding and breathing

A
  • gas-filled diverticulum for gas exchange, buoyancy, and respiration
  • swim bladders
  • progressive specialization of jaw muscles
49
Q

pouches called for fishes that use gas-filled diverticulum primarily for gas exchange

A

lungs

50
Q

pouches called for fishes that use gas-filled diverticulum primarily for buoyancy

A

swim bladders

51
Q

movable bony flap covering the gills

A

operculum

52
Q

type of fin: vertebral column changed so that the tail became symmetrical

A

diphycercal tail

53
Q

type of fin: focused musculature contractions on the tail, permitting greater speed; symmetrical

A

homocercal tail

54
Q

type of scales: small, conical, toothlike stuctures of chondrichthyes

A

placoid scales

55
Q

type of scales: present in early bony fishes and living gars, are composed of thick layers of silvery enamel on the upper surface and bone on the lower; diamond shaped

A

ganoid scales

56
Q

type of scales: are thin and flexible and are arranged in overlapping rows; teleost fishes

A

cycloid or ctenoid scales

57
Q

lampreys that never feed after metamorphosis and die soon after spawning

A

brook lampreys

58
Q

the modern bony fishes are the major clade of neopterygians

A

teleost

59
Q

morphological trend of teleost

A
  • heavy dermal armor replaced by light, thin, flexible cycloid and ctenoid scales
  • increased mobility from shedding armor
  • fins changed to increase maneuverability
  • dorsal fins shifted from being a fixed keel that prevent rolling to that of many varied functions
60
Q

the ancestor of tetrapods is found within a group of otherwise extinct sarcopterygian fishes

A

rhipidistians

61
Q

also arose in the devonian period, diversified somewhat, and reached their peak of diversity in the mesozoic era

A

coelocanths

62
Q

surviving genus of coelocanths

A

latimeria

63
Q

propulsive mechanism of a fish

A

its trunk and tail musculature

64
Q

axial, locomotory musculature is composed of zigzag bands

A

myomeres

65
Q

the most efficient flotation device is a gas-filled space

A

swim bladder

66
Q

hearing and weberian ossicles

A

sounds -> swim bladder -> inner ear via the weberian ossicles

67
Q

a set of small bones that allow them to hear faint sounds over a much broader range of frequency than do other teleosts

A

weberian ossicles

68
Q

respiration of sharks

A

gill slits

69
Q

respiration of bony fish

A

opercular flaps

70
Q

filaments with thin epidermal membranes folded into plate-like lamellae

A

fish gills

71
Q

feeding behavior of fish

A

focused mostly to eating and searching for food

72
Q

feeding behavior of fish: eat plants and macroalgae

A

herbivores

73
Q

feeding behavior of fish: prey on a myriad of animal foods, from zooplankton and insect larvae to large vertebrates

A

most are carnivores

74
Q

feeding behavior of fish: crop the abundant microorganisms of the sea from a third and diverse group of fishes ranging from fish larvae to basking sharks

A

suspension feeders

75
Q

feeding behavior of fish: dying or dead animals

A

scavengers

76
Q

feeding behavior of fish: suckers and minnows that consume fine particulate organic matter

A

detritivores

77
Q

feeding behavior of fish: lampreys and vandellia (catfish)

A

parasitic

78
Q

primary function of pyloric ceca in teleosts

A

lipid absorption

79
Q

has both female and male reproductive organs

A

hermaphroditism

80
Q

asexual reproduction/self impregnation

A

parthenogenesis

BIO422 Finals (4 decks)

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