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BIO422 Finals > Echinodermata > Flashcards

Echinodermata Flashcards

1
Q

phylum echinodermata

A
  • external spine or protuberances
  • mostly marine
  • calcareous endoskeleton consisting of plates or scattered ossicles
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2
Q

class of sea stars

A

class asteroidea

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3
Q

found along shorelines, may aggregate on rocks

A

sea stars

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4
Q

some live on muddy or sandy bottoms and along coral reefs, about 1,500 living species, variable colors and structural features

A

sea stars

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5
Q

class of brittle stars

A

class ophiuroidea

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6
Q

largest of the major group, 2,000 extant species, marine, are slender and distinct from the central disc

A

brittle stars

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7
Q

class of sea urchins

A

class echinoidea

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8
Q

950 species, endoskeletal test, lack arms but their tests show five-part symmetry with five ambulacral areas that are visible spiky bands

A

sea urchins

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9
Q

notable modification from ancestral body plan of sea urchins

A

having tube feet on the oral surface

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10
Q

have hemispherical shape with radial symmetry and variable length spines

A

regular sea urchins

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11
Q

examples of irregular sea urchins

A

sand dollars and heart urchins

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12
Q

bilateral with short spines

A

irregular sea urchins

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13
Q

has aristotle’s lantern

A

sea urchins

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14
Q

class of sea cucumbers

A

class holothuroidea

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15
Q

structurally strange and physiologically odd, 1,150 species, greatly elongated in the oral-aboral axis, ossicles are reduces, some species crawl on the ocean bottom, others are found under rocks or burrows

A

sea cucumbers

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16
Q

purpose of water-vascular system

A

powers a multitude of tiny tube feet used for locomotion and food gathering

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17
Q

uniqueness of echinoderms

A
  • lack a definitive head
  • nervous system and sense organs are poorly developed
  • locomotion is slow
  • lack segmentation
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18
Q

what is pentaradial symmetry

A

body parts are always arranged radially in five or multiples of five

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19
Q

T or F: pentaradial symmetry is secondarily acquired

A

true; their larvae are unmistakably bilaterally symmetrical

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20
Q

prima donnas of echinoderms

A

sea stars

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21
Q

parts of water-vascular system of sea stars

A

tube feet and ampullae

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22
Q

epidermis of sea stars: ciliated or not

A

ciliated

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23
Q

small fingerlike bulges in the epidermis of sea stars

A

skin gills or dermal branchiae

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24
Q

concerned with gaseous exchange in sea stars

A

papulae

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25
Q

calcareous, two-jawed pincers are modified spines concerned with capturing tiny prey and protecting the dermal branchiae from collecting sediment and small parasites

A

pedicellariae

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26
Q

aboral surface of sea stars

A

madreporite plate

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27
Q

what is the madreporite plate composed of

A

calcium carbonate

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28
Q

purpose of madreporite plate

A

allows seawater to seep into an intricate water-vascular system which provides the means for locomotion

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29
Q

arms on each side of the madreporite

A

bivium

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30
Q

other three arms of the madreporite

A

trivium

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31
Q

located at the tip of each arm of sea stars

A

eyespot

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32
Q

oral surface of sea stars

A

ambulacral groove

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33
Q

what does the ambulacral groove contain in sea stars

A

rows of tube feet (podia)

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34
Q

borders the groove and are movable and can interlock when the roove is contracted to protect the tube feet

A

ambulacral spines

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35
Q

other purpose of tube feet

A

opening of bivalves for food

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36
Q

everted through the mouth during feeding, secretes digestive enzymes over prey

A

cardiac stomach

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37
Q

partly digested food is passed by the pyloric duct to pyloric ceca where digestion is completed

A

pyloric stomach

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38
Q

enzyme production and final digestion and absorption

A

pyloric ceca

39
Q

believed to salvage nutrients from intestine, preventing loss through anus

A

rectal ceca

40
Q

surrounds the mouth of sea stars

A

peristomial membrane

41
Q

echinoderms are the first invertebrates to have what

A

mesodermal endoskeleton

42
Q

bathes the visceral organs of sea stars

A

coelomic fluid

43
Q

prevents too much eversion of the stomach

A

gastric ligaments

44
Q

sea stars: monoecious or dioecious

A

dioecious (sexes are separate)

45
Q

sea stars: internal or external fertilization

A

external fertilization

46
Q

nervous system of sea stars consist of how many interrelated systems

A

three

47
Q

whitish thickening on the outer margin of membrane

A

nerve ring

48
Q

sense organs of sea stars

A

chemoreceptors and cells sensitive to touch

49
Q

consists of a number of light-sensitive ocelli

A

eyespot

50
Q

system found only in echinoderms

A

water-vascular system

51
Q

tube feet have _____ muscles; ampullae have _____ muscles

A

longitudinal muscles; circular muscles

52
Q

most agile of echinoderms and most abundant

A

brittle stars

53
Q

oral surface of brittle stars

A

oral shields or buccal shields

54
Q

oval plates located on the interradial area between the rays

A

oral shields or buccal shields

55
Q

madreporite plate of brittle stars

A

slightly modified with tiny pores connecting with a madreporite canal inside

56
Q

a pair of grooves distal to the oral shields and close to each arm in brittle stars

A

bursae

57
Q

water circulates in and out of these sacs for exchange of gases, and the gonads discharge their products into them

A

bursae

58
Q

locomotion of brittle stars

A

walk by twisting, highly flexible arm movements

59
Q

feeding of brittle stars

A

are either active predators or selective deposit feeders

60
Q

digestive system of brittle stars compared to sea stars

A

digestive system is much more reduced

61
Q

digestive system of brittle stars

A

the mouth leads by a short esophagus to a stomach, the site of digestion and absorption

62
Q

five converging teeth, controlled by muscles and held in a complex structure

A

aristotle’s lantern

63
Q

locomotion of sea urchins

A

uses its spines and tube feet

64
Q

tiny modified spines of echinoids believed to be organs of equilibrium

A

sphaeridia

65
Q

epidermis of sea urchins

A

ciliated

66
Q

composition of test of sea urchins

A

calcareous plates (ossicles)

67
Q

location of the madreporite plate of sea urchins

A

aboral surface

68
Q

the three ambulacra with the side applied to the substratum

A

sole

69
Q

attached to the cloaca that serves as both respiratory and excretory organs

A

respiratory trees

70
Q

water-vascular system of sea cucumbers

A

peculiar in that the madreporite lies free in the coelom

71
Q

sea cucumbers: monoecious or dioecious

A

dioecious (but some are hermaphroditic)

72
Q

sea cucumbers: internal or external fertilization

A

external fertilization

73
Q

free-swimming larvae of sea cucumbers

A

auricularia

74
Q

tube feet of sea stars

A

present with suckers

75
Q

tube feet of brittle stars

A

present without suckers

76
Q

tube feet of sea urchins

A

present with suckers

77
Q

tube feet of sea cucumbers

A

present with suckers

78
Q

spines of sea stars

A

present

79
Q

spines of brittle stars

A

present

80
Q

spines of sea urchins

A

present

81
Q

spines of sea cucumbers

A

absent

82
Q

respiration of sea stars

A

papulae

83
Q

respiration of brittle stars

A

bursae

84
Q

respiration of sea urchins

A

tube feet

85
Q

respiration of sea cucumbers

A

respiratory feet

86
Q

madreporite location of sea stars

A

aboral

87
Q

madreporite location of brittle stars

A

oral

88
Q

madreporite location of sea urchins

A

aboral

89
Q

madreporite location of sea cucumbers

A

internal

90
Q

feeding behaviors of sea stars

A

carnivores

91
Q

feeding behavior of brittle stars

A

omnivores

92
Q

feeding behavior of sea urchins

A

omnivores

93
Q

feeding behavior of sea cucumbers

A

omnivores

BIO422 Finals (4 decks)

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