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BIO422 Finals > Chordata > Flashcards

Chordata Flashcards

1
Q

exact phylogenetic position of chordates

A

still unclear but have two possible lines of descent

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2
Q

prostomia branch

A

arthropod-annelid-mollusc group

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3
Q

deuterostomia branch

A

echinoderm-hemichordate group

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4
Q

features (?) of chordates shared with some invertebrates

A
  • bilateral symmetry
  • anterioposterior axis
  • coelom
  • tube-within-a-tube body plan
  • metamerism
  • cephalization
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5
Q

chordates as deuterostomes

A
  • radial cleavage, anus from blastopore
  • mouth from secondary opening
  • coelom from enterocoelous pouches
  • have fundamental unity of organs and organ systems
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6
Q

hallmarks of chordates

A
  • notochord
  • pharyngeal pouches and slits
  • dorsal tubular nerve chord
  • endostyle or thyroid gland
  • postanal tail
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7
Q

a slender rod of cartilage-like connective tissue lying near the dorsal side and extending most of the length of the animal

A

notochord

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8
Q

found in early development or throughout life

A

notochord

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9
Q

stiffens the body

A

notochord

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10
Q

a series of paired slits in the pharynx, serving as passageways for water to the gills

A

pharyngeal pouches and slits

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11
Q

may persist or be modified to from other structures

A

pharyngeal pouches and slits

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12
Q

forms the brain and spinal chord

A

dorsal tubular nerve cord

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13
Q

derivative of endostyle

A

thyroid gland

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14
Q

found in all chordates; secretes mucus and traps small food particles for protochordates and lamprey larvae

A

endostyle

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15
Q

projects beyond the anus at some stage and serves as a means of propulsion in water

A

postanal tail

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16
Q

demonstrate each of the chief chordate characteristics at some point in their life cycle

A

protochordates

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17
Q

subphylums

A
  • urochordata
  • cephalochordata
  • vertebrata
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18
Q

superclasses

A
  • cyclostomata
  • gnathostomata
19
Q

classes under superclass cyclostomata

A
  • myxini
  • petromyzontida
20
Q

classes under superclass gnathostomata

A
  • chondrichthyes
  • actinopterygii
  • sarcopterygii
  • amphibia
  • reptilia
  • aves
  • mammalia
21
Q

tail chordates, tunicates

A

subphylum urochordata

22
Q

a touch, nonliving tissue containing cellulose that surrounds tunicates

A

tunic

23
Q

tunicates are

A

marine, sessile as adults

24
Q

T or F: (tunicates) in most species, only the larval form bears all the chordate hallmarks but adults loose many of these characters and retain the notochord only in the tail region

A

true

25
Q

three classes of urochordata

A
  • ascidiacea
  • appendicularia
  • thaliacea
26
Q

most common and most diverse class under urochordata that are common sea squirts

A

ascidiacea

27
Q

why are sea squirts named as such

A

they forcefully discharge water from the excurrent siphon when irritated

28
Q

forms of ascidians

A

may be solitary, colonial, or compound forms

29
Q

terminal siphon

A

incurrent or oral siphon

30
Q

outer covering of a tunicate

A

tunic or test

31
Q

tunic is secreted by what

A

the mantle

32
Q

respiratory system of sea squirts

A

branchial sac or pharynx

33
Q

space between the pharynx and the mantle

A

atrium

34
Q

reproduction of sea squirts

A

hermaphroditic

35
Q

slender, laterally compressed, translucent animals that are about 3-7 cm long

A

lancelets

36
Q

habitat of lancelets

A

sandy sediments of coastal waters around the world

37
Q

name of lancelets

A

originally had the generic name amphioxus but priority is now in the genus branchiostoma

38
Q

chordate features of amphioxus

A
  • has all the chordate features but also have more that show the vertebrate body plan
  • hepatic cecum
  • trunk muscles
  • possess basic circulatory plan of vertebrates
39
Q

a diverticulum resembling the vertebrate pancreas in secreting digestive enzymes along with liver

A

hepatic cecum

40
Q

resemble vertebrate patterns in amphioxus

A

trunk muscles

41
Q

segmentally arranged muscles along the sides of the animal

A

chevronlike myotomes

42
Q

large chamber beneath the rostrum which is bounded laterally by fleshy, curtainlike folds and is open ventrally

A

buccal cavity

43
Q

circulatory system of amphioxus

A

they don’t have a heart but peristaltic contractions of the ventral aorta keep the colorless blood in motion

44
Q

subphylum vertebrate (craniata)

A
  • adaptations that guided early vertebrate evolution
  • larger than protochordates, more active
  • modification of skeletal and muscle structures
  • speed and mobility
  • structures req’d/specialized: location, survival, digestion
  • adaptation

BIO422 Finals (4 decks)

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