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BIO422 Finals > Amphibians > Flashcards

Amphibians Flashcards

1
Q

amphibians and amniotes (birds, reptiles, and mammals)

A

tetrapoda

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2
Q

characteristics of tetrapoda

A
  • life originated from the water
  • animals still require water
  • terrestrial land area represents a dangerous habitat for all life
  • invasion of land required many modification of organ systems to adjust to the transition
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3
Q

movement of frogs (?)

A

water to land

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4
Q

frog: juvenile to adult

A

masses of eggs -> limbless, gill-breathing, fish-like tadpole larvae that feed and grow in the water

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5
Q

changes that happens to frogs

A
  • appearance of hind legs
  • shortening of tail
  • loss of larval teeth and gills
  • development of eyelids
  • emergence of forelimbs (allows juveniles to move onto land and as adult frogs)
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6
Q

what did some salamanders retain permanently

A

retained aquatic morphology

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7
Q

amphibians that have thin skin that loses water rapidly

A

terrestrial amphibians

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8
Q

habitat of terrestrial amphibians

A

restricted to moist habitats

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9
Q

T or F: most amphibians require cool habitats as they are ectotherms (cold-blooded animals)

A

true

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10
Q

important for reproduction since eggs easily desiccate and must be kept moist

A

cool and wet areas

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11
Q

order of caecilians

A

order gymnophiona

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12
Q

elongate, limbless, and burrowing animals

A

caecilians

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13
Q

characteristics of caecilians

A
  • inhabit tropical forests in south america, africa, india, and southeast asia
  • usually aquatic or hidden in the soil
  • feed primarily on worms and small invertebrates they find underground
  • internal fertilization
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14
Q

body of caecilians

A

long, slender body, small dermal scales in the skin of some, many vertebrae, long ribs, no limbs, and a terminal anus

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15
Q

eyes of caecilians

A

eyes are small and most species are blind as adults

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16
Q

where do special sensory tentacles occur in caecilians

A

on the snout

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17
Q

order of salamanders

A

order urodela (caudata)

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18
Q

comprises of tailed amphibians, approximately 700 living species

A

order urodela

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19
Q

characteristics of salamanders

A
  • most are small (15 cm) while some are more than 1.5 m long (japanese giant salamander)
  • occur in almost all northern temperate regions of the words and abundant and diverse in north america
  • limbs usually at right angles to trunk with forelimbs and hindlimbs equal in length
  • ectotherms with low metabolic rate
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20
Q

feeding behavior of salamanders

A

carnivorous as both larvae and adults preying on worms, small arthropods, and small molluscs

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21
Q

life cycle of salamanders

A
  • some are aquatic or terrestrial throughout their entire life cycle
  • ancestral condition is metamorphic
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22
Q

fertilization of salamanders

A

internal fertilization with female keeping the male’s spermatophore

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23
Q

fertilization of terrestrial species of salamanders

A

have direct development; bypasses the larval stage and hatch as miniature versions of their parents

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24
Q

respiration of salamanders

A
  • salamanders with aquatic stages hatch with gills, which are then lost at metamorphosis
  • in species with lungs, these are present from birth and become functional only following metamorphosis
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25
Q

general amphibian condition (respiration)

A

through extensive vascular nets in skin that exchange both oxygen and carbon dioxide
- external gills
- lungs
- both gills and lungs or neither

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26
Q

a persistent phylogenetic trend in some amphibians

A

paedamorphosis

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27
Q

T or F: salamanders’ descendants retain some pre-adult features of ancestors as they reach adulthood

A

true

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28
Q

order of frogs and toads

A

order anura (salientia)

29
Q

characteristics of frogs and toads

A
  • must live near water source
  • all have a tailed larval stage and tailless jumping adult form
30
Q

tailless form

A

anura

31
Q

jumping form

A

salientia

32
Q

denotes an obvious group characteristic, absence of tails in adults

A

anura

33
Q

T or F: reproduction of frogs require water

A

true

34
Q

T or F: frog’s skin is water-permeable

A

true

35
Q

how many families are there of frogs and toads

A

45

36
Q

family of the common frogs

A

family ranidae

37
Q

family of the tree frogs

A

family hylidae

38
Q

family of toads with thicker skins and prominent warts

A

family bufonidae

39
Q

largest american frog and mainstay of the flogleg epicurean market (family ranidae)

A

bullfrog or lithobates catesbeianus

40
Q

a common inhabitant of swaps of the southeastern united states (family hylidae)

A

green tree frog or hyla cinerea (has adhesive pads on the feet)

41
Q

american toad (family bufonidae)

A

bufo americanus

42
Q

the world’s largest frog of west africa (family petropedetidae)

A

conraua (gigantorana) goliath

43
Q

largest frogs in ph

A

fanged frogs or limnonectes spp.

44
Q

the smallest frog known in ph thus far

A

platymantis pygmaeus

45
Q

anuran habitats

A

quite diverse and extensive

46
Q

anuran habitats: family ranidae

A

common in temperate and tropical regions except new zealand and southern regions of south america

47
Q

anuran habitats: wood frogs

A

spend most of its time on damp forest floors, returns to pools for breeding

48
Q

anuran habitats: bullfrogs and green frogs

A

occur in or near permanent water and swamps

49
Q

anuran habitats: most frogs

A

during winter, they hibernate in the oxygen-rich water of pools and streams

50
Q

defenses of anurans: during hibernation

A

life processes are sustained by diffusion of oxygen thorugh skin and energy comes from fat and glycogen

51
Q

defenses of anurans: tree frogs

A

hibernate in humus of forest floors, can tolerate low temperatures, and may survive freezing up to 35% of body fluids

52
Q

defenses of anurans: other species

A

pretend to be dead and a few can expand their lungs making them difficult for predators to swallow

53
Q

defenses of anurans: african clawed frog or xenopus laevis

A

claws (unusual feature) are on the hind feet

54
Q

amphibian respiration: skin

A

provides cutaneous breathing

55
Q

amphibian respiration: mouth

A

provides buccal breathing

56
Q

amphibian respiration: lungs

A

usually present in adults

57
Q

vocalization in frogs

A

results from vocal chords in larynx

58
Q

circulatory systems of frogs

A

closed circulatory system with a single pressure pump, the heart, moving blood through the peripheral network of arteries and veins

59
Q

feeding behavior of frogs

A
  • carnivorous
  • catch prey with protrusible tongue
  • teeth function to hold prey
60
Q

sticky secretion that adheres to prey

A

glandular free end

61
Q

feeding behavior of tadpoles

A

mainly herbivorous with longer tracts

62
Q

frogs and toads are _____

A

ectothermic

63
Q

when do frog’s reproduction and development occur

A

mostly during warm seasons

64
Q

part of reproduction where males clasp the females

A

amplexus

65
Q

unusual reproductive strategies: flectonotus pygmaeus

A

carries developing larvae in a dorsal pouch

66
Q

unusual reproductive strategies: pipa pipa

A

carries eggs embedded in specialized brooding pouches on the dorsum; froglets emerge and swim away when development is complete

67
Q

unusual reproductive strategies: phyllobates bicolor

A

carries tadpoles adhering to its back

68
Q

unusual reproductive strategies: rhinoderma darwinii

A

develop froglets n its vocal pouch

BIO422 Finals (4 decks)

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