Amphibians

Question 1

amphibians and amniotes (birds, reptiles, and mammals)

Answer 1

tetrapoda

Question 2

characteristics of tetrapoda

Answer 2

• life originated from the water
• animals still require water
• terrestrial land area represents a dangerous habitat for all life
• invasion of land required many modification of organ systems to adjust to the transition

Question 3

movement of frogs (?)

Answer 3

water to land

Question 4

frog: juvenile to adult

Answer 4

masses of eggs -> limbless, gill-breathing, fish-like tadpole larvae that feed and grow in the water

Question 5

changes that happens to frogs

Answer 5

• appearance of hind legs
• shortening of tail
• loss of larval teeth and gills
• development of eyelids
• emergence of forelimbs (allows juveniles to move onto land and as adult frogs)

Question 6

what did some salamanders retain permanently

Answer 6

retained aquatic morphology

Question 7

amphibians that have thin skin that loses water rapidly

Answer 7

terrestrial amphibians

Question 8

habitat of terrestrial amphibians

Answer 8

restricted to moist habitats

Question 9

T or F: most amphibians require cool habitats as they are ectotherms (cold-blooded animals)

Answer 9

true

Question 10

important for reproduction since eggs easily desiccate and must be kept moist

Answer 10

cool and wet areas

Question 11

order of caecilians

Answer 11

order gymnophiona

Question 12

elongate, limbless, and burrowing animals

Answer 12

caecilians

Question 13

characteristics of caecilians

Answer 13

• inhabit tropical forests in south america, africa, india, and southeast asia
• usually aquatic or hidden in the soil
• feed primarily on worms and small invertebrates they find underground
• internal fertilization

Question 14

body of caecilians

Answer 14

long, slender body, small dermal scales in the skin of some, many vertebrae, long ribs, no limbs, and a terminal anus

Question 15

eyes of caecilians

Answer 15

eyes are small and most species are blind as adults

Question 16

where do special sensory tentacles occur in caecilians

Answer 16

on the snout

Question 17

order of salamanders

Answer 17

order urodela (caudata)

Question 18

comprises of tailed amphibians, approximately 700 living species

Answer 18

order urodela

Question 19

characteristics of salamanders

Answer 19

• most are small (15 cm) while some are more than 1.5 m long (japanese giant salamander)
• occur in almost all northern temperate regions of the words and abundant and diverse in north america
• limbs usually at right angles to trunk with forelimbs and hindlimbs equal in length
• ectotherms with low metabolic rate

Question 20

feeding behavior of salamanders

Answer 20

carnivorous as both larvae and adults preying on worms, small arthropods, and small molluscs

Question 21

life cycle of salamanders

Answer 21

• some are aquatic or terrestrial throughout their entire life cycle
• ancestral condition is metamorphic

Question 22

fertilization of salamanders

Answer 22

internal fertilization with female keeping the male’s spermatophore

Question 23

fertilization of terrestrial species of salamanders

Answer 23

have direct development; bypasses the larval stage and hatch as miniature versions of their parents

Question 24

respiration of salamanders

Answer 24

• salamanders with aquatic stages hatch with gills, which are then lost at metamorphosis
• in species with lungs, these are present from birth and become functional only following metamorphosis

Question 25

general amphibian condition (respiration)

Answer 25

through extensive vascular nets in skin that exchange both oxygen and carbon dioxide - external gills - lungs - both gills and lungs or neither

Question 26

a persistent phylogenetic trend in some amphibians

Answer 26

paedamorphosis

Question 27

T or F: salamanders' descendants retain some pre-adult features of ancestors as they reach adulthood

Answer 27

true

Question 28

order of frogs and toads

Answer 28

order anura (salientia)

Question 29

characteristics of frogs and toads

Answer 29

- must live near water source - all have a tailed larval stage and tailless jumping adult form

Question 30

tailless form

Answer 30

anura

Question 31

jumping form

Answer 31

salientia

Question 32

denotes an obvious group characteristic, absence of tails in adults

Answer 32

anura

Question 33

T or F: reproduction of frogs require water

Answer 33

true

Question 34

T or F: frog's skin is water-permeable

Answer 34

true

Question 35

how many families are there of frogs and toads

Answer 35

45

Question 36

family of the common frogs

Answer 36

family ranidae

Question 37

family of the tree frogs

Answer 37

family hylidae

Question 38

family of toads with thicker skins and prominent warts

Answer 38

family bufonidae

Question 39

largest american frog and mainstay of the flogleg epicurean market (family ranidae)

Answer 39

bullfrog or lithobates catesbeianus

Question 40

a common inhabitant of swaps of the southeastern united states (family hylidae)

Answer 40

green tree frog or hyla cinerea (has adhesive pads on the feet)

Question 41

american toad (family bufonidae)

Answer 41

bufo americanus

Question 42

the world's largest frog of west africa (family petropedetidae)

Answer 42

conraua (gigantorana) goliath

Question 43

largest frogs in ph

Answer 43

fanged frogs or limnonectes spp.

Question 44

the smallest frog known in ph thus far

Answer 44

platymantis pygmaeus

Question 45

anuran habitats

Answer 45

quite diverse and extensive

Question 46

anuran habitats: family ranidae

Answer 46

common in temperate and tropical regions except new zealand and southern regions of south america

Question 47

anuran habitats: wood frogs

Answer 47

spend most of its time on damp forest floors, returns to pools for breeding

Question 48

anuran habitats: bullfrogs and green frogs

Answer 48

occur in or near permanent water and swamps

Question 49

anuran habitats: most frogs

Answer 49

during winter, they hibernate in the oxygen-rich water of pools and streams

Question 50

defenses of anurans: during hibernation

Answer 50

life processes are sustained by diffusion of oxygen thorugh skin and energy comes from fat and glycogen

Question 51

defenses of anurans: tree frogs

Answer 51

hibernate in humus of forest floors, can tolerate low temperatures, and may survive freezing up to 35% of body fluids

Question 52

defenses of anurans: other species

Answer 52

pretend to be dead and a few can expand their lungs making them difficult for predators to swallow

Question 53

defenses of anurans: african clawed frog or xenopus laevis

Answer 53

claws (unusual feature) are on the hind feet

Question 54

amphibian respiration: skin

Answer 54

provides cutaneous breathing

Question 55

amphibian respiration: mouth

Answer 55

provides buccal breathing

Question 56

amphibian respiration: lungs

Answer 56

usually present in adults

Question 57

vocalization in frogs

Answer 57

results from vocal chords in larynx

Question 58

circulatory systems of frogs

Answer 58

closed circulatory system with a single pressure pump, the heart, moving blood through the peripheral network of arteries and veins

Question 59

feeding behavior of frogs

Answer 59

- carnivorous - catch prey with protrusible tongue - teeth function to hold prey

Question 60

sticky secretion that adheres to prey

Answer 60

glandular free end

Question 61

feeding behavior of tadpoles

Answer 61

mainly herbivorous with longer tracts

Question 62

frogs and toads are _____

Answer 62

ectothermic

Question 63

when do frog's reproduction and development occur

Answer 63

mostly during warm seasons

Question 64

part of reproduction where males clasp the females

Answer 64

amplexus

Question 65

unusual reproductive strategies: flectonotus pygmaeus

Answer 65

carries developing larvae in a dorsal pouch

Question 66

unusual reproductive strategies: pipa pipa

Answer 66

carries eggs embedded in specialized brooding pouches on the dorsum; froglets emerge and swim away when development is complete

Question 67

unusual reproductive strategies: phyllobates bicolor

Answer 67

carries tadpoles adhering to its back

Question 68

unusual reproductive strategies: rhinoderma darwinii

Answer 68

develop froglets n its vocal pouch