first test examination of crystals 2

Question 1

found in acidic urine, typically with a urine

pH

Answer 1

cystine

Question 2

occur in the sediment of patients with Cystinuria, a

genetic defect in renal cystine transport

Answer 2

cystine crystals

Question 3

most frequent cause of kidney

stones in children

Answer 3

cystine crystals can for staghorn calculi

Question 4

• Dissolves in
– HCl
– NaOH
– Ammonium hydroxide
• Insoluble in
– Acetic acid
– Alcohol
– Ether
• Confirmatory test Nitroprusside Reaction (Acetest)

Answer 4

cystine

Question 5

Is found in severe liver disorders in which amino acid
metabolism is impaired and associated with
tyrosinemia

Answer 5

tyrosine

Question 6

The presence of ______ is usually
accompanied by a positive biochemical test
for bilirubin and are often accompanied by
the presence of leucine crystals in the sediment.

Answer 6

tyrosine crystals

Question 7

• Polarizes light
• Dissolves in:
– HCl
– NaOH
– And when heated
• Insoluble in:
– Acetic acid
– Alcohol
– Ether

Answer 7

tyrosine

Question 8

Could also indicate Maple Syrup Disease

Answer 8

leucine

Question 9

The presence of leucine crystals is often accompanied by a
positive biochemical test for bilirubin and is often
accompanied by tyrosine crystals in the same sediment.
Indicates liver disease

Answer 9

leucine

Question 10

Yellow, oily-looking spheres with striations and a thick outer
boarder.
Can resemble “grapefruit sections”

Answer 10

leucine

Question 11

Dissolves in:
– NaOH
– And when heated
• Insoluble in:
– Acetic acid
– HCl
– Ether

Answer 11

leucine

Question 12

• Is formed in acidic pH of urine
• Free fat from degradation of renal tubular epithelial cells
• May be present in cases of glomerulonephritis
the Nephrotic Syndrome.

Answer 12

cholesterol

Question 13

cholesterol crystals are accompanied by

Answer 13

Cholesterol crystals are accompanied by:
a positive biochemical test for protein
oval fat bodies,
fatty casts,
free fat droplets in the sediment

Question 14

• Weak birefringence
• Dissolves in:
– Chloroform
– Ether
– Hot alcohol
• Insoluble in:
– Dilute acids
– Dilute alkali

Answer 14

cholesterol

Question 15

Bilirubin crystals are seen in several ____ ____

Answer 15

hepatic disorders.

Question 16

Is formed in acidic urine
• Yellow-brown needles or granules.
• They are frequently attached to the surface of cells

Answer 16

bilirubin

Question 17

• Dissolve in:
– Acetic acid
– HCl
– NaOH
– Acetone
– Chloroform
– Ether
• Insoluble in:
– Alcohol

Answer 17

bilirubin

Question 18

Iatrogenic Origin

Answer 18

Drugs
• Supplements
• Radiologic Contrast Media

Question 19

Are formed in acidic pH
• Could result in renal damage while precipitating out in the
nephron

Answer 19

Sulfonamide Drugs

Question 20

Confirmatory test – Lignin test

Answer 20

sulfonamides

Question 21

Confusing Artifacts

Answer 21

Starch
• Talc
• Glass fragments

Question 22

Polarize light into Maltese cross but without the outer edge

resembling “crushed diamonds

Answer 22

starch

Question 23

summary

Answer 23

Urinary crystals may be present in acidic or alkaline
urine.
• Urinary crystals may be of no significance or may
accompany metabolic disorders.
• Microscopic evaluation of urine is important for
detection of crystals, because no chemical test
detects the presence of crystals.
• Solubility studies and the use of polarized and
compensated light help to identify crystals and
differentiate them from artifacts.