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Genetics > First benchmark/test > Flashcards

First benchmark/test Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do you call the structure that helps separate it during metaphase and anaphase?

A

Spindle Fibers

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2
Q

If an organism has a diploid number of 42, what would it’s haploid number be?

A

21

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3
Q

What is the absolute final result of meiosis?

A

4 genetically different gametes

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4
Q

What do you call the building blocks of DNA?

A

Nucleotides

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5
Q

In what part of the cell cycle does cell growth take place?

A

Interphase: G1

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6
Q

During mitosis when do all the chromosomes appear at the center of the cell?

A

Metaphase

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7
Q

What do you call masses of cancer cells?

A

Tumors

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8
Q

When can you see tetrads in meiosis?

A

Prophase 1

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9
Q

What is the scientific name for an inherited change in a gene?

A

Mutation

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10
Q

What is a genome?

A

A complete set of DNA carried in an organism.

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11
Q

What do you call the region where the 2 chromatids meet?

A

Centromere

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12
Q

Passing of traits to offspring

A

Heredity

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13
Q

How does information pass from cell to cell?

A

Mitosis

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14
Q

What is a chromosome number?

A

Sum total of chromosomes in a cell

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15
Q

Somatic cells are _______.

A

Diploid (2n)

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16
Q

Gamete cells are _______.

A

Haploid (n)

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17
Q

How many chromosomes does a cell from mitosis have in a human?

A

46

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18
Q

What happens in synthesis? (S phase)

A

DNA replication

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19
Q

What happens in the G1 phase of interphase?

A

Cell growth, synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids.

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20
Q

Where is the built in molecular brake?

A

G1

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21
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasmic division

22
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23

23
Q

What is the spindle apparatus?

A

Moves chromosomes during mitosis. Consists of 2 distinct sets of microtubules.

24
Q

What happens in prophase?

A
  • chromosomes begin to condense.
  • new microtubules are assembled at the centrosome.
  • nuclear envelope starts to break up
25
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A
  • Chromosomes are lined up at the spindle equator.

* chromosomes are maximally condensed.

26
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A
  • Sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart.

* once separated each chromatid is a chromosome.

27
Q

What happens in telophase?

A
  • Chromosomes decondense

* two nuclear membranes form

28
Q

What is the result of mitosis?

A

Two gentically identical daughter cells

29
Q

What are checkpoint genes?

A

Proteins that monitor the structure of DNA for problems and if each phase of cell cycle is completed successfully. And sense whether conditions favor for cell division.

30
Q

Protein p53

A

Regulates entry of the cell into s phase.

31
Q

BCR:

Distinguish between a suppressor gene, a proto-oncogenes, and an a oncogene.

A

Suppressor: checkpoint gene that inhibits mitosis.
Porto-oncogenes: checkpoint gene that stimulates mitosis.
Oncogene: mutant version of a gene that normally promotes cell cycle.

32
Q

Unique forms of genes are called ________.

A

Alleles

33
Q

Homologous chromosomes Carry ________ alleles.

A

Different

34
Q

Prophase 1

A

Synapsis: each chromosome pairs with homologue

Each chromosome becomes attached to the spindle.

35
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Chromosomes are pushed and pulled until they line up at the middle of the cell. The spindle is fully formed.

36
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Homologous chromosomes segregate.

The sister chromatids remained attached.

37
Q

Telophase 1

A

The chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the poles. And usually follows by cytoplasmic division.

38
Q

Prophase 2

A

Microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the duplicated chromosomes.

39
Q

Metaphase 2

A

Duplicates chromosomes line up single file at the spindle equator, midway between the poles.

40
Q

Anaphase 2

A

Sister chromatids separate to become independent chromosomes.

41
Q

Telophase 2

A

The chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the cell. A nuclear envelope forms around Each set of chromosomes. Four haploid cells are produced.

42
Q

Crossing over

A

Synapsis: Each chromosome becomes zippered to its homologue forming a tetrad.
All four chromatids are closely aligned.
No sister chromosomes exchange segments.

43
Q

Effect of crossing over

A

Each chromosome contains maternal and paternal segments. Creates new Allele combinations for offspring.

44
Q

Crossing over takes place during _____________. In meiosis

A

Prophase 1

45
Q

Random alignment

A

Contact between microtubules and chromosomes are random.

46
Q

Reproductive cloning purpose:

A

To create an identical copy of an organism

47
Q

End product of reproductive cloning?

A

Baby

48
Q

Forms of natural cloning?

A

Budding, vegetative reproduction, identical twins, fragmentation.

49
Q

Therapeutic cloning propose:

A

To create stem cells for use in medical therapies.

50
Q

What is the end product of therapeutic cloning?

A

Cell line, tissue, or an organ.

51
Q

Stem cells

A

Unspecialized cells that renew themselves for long periods of time.

Genetics (5 decks)

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