First benchmark/test

Question 1

What do you call the structure that helps separate it during metaphase and anaphase?

Answer 1

Spindle Fibers

Question 2

If an organism has a diploid number of 42, what would it’s haploid number be?

Answer 2

21

Question 3

What is the absolute final result of meiosis?

Answer 3

4 genetically different gametes

Question 4

What do you call the building blocks of DNA?

Answer 4

Nucleotides

Question 5

In what part of the cell cycle does cell growth take place?

Answer 5

Interphase: G1

Question 6

During mitosis when do all the chromosomes appear at the center of the cell?

Answer 6

Metaphase

Question 7

What do you call masses of cancer cells?

Answer 7

Tumors

Question 8

When can you see tetrads in meiosis?

Answer 8

Prophase 1

Question 9

What is the scientific name for an inherited change in a gene?

Answer 9

Mutation

Question 10

What is a genome?

Answer 10

A complete set of DNA carried in an organism.

Question 11

What do you call the region where the 2 chromatids meet?

Answer 11

Centromere

Question 12

Passing of traits to offspring

Answer 12

Heredity

Question 13

How does information pass from cell to cell?

Answer 13

Mitosis

Question 14

What is a chromosome number?

Answer 14

Sum total of chromosomes in a cell

Question 15

Somatic cells are _______.

Answer 15

Diploid (2n)

Question 16

Gamete cells are _______.

Answer 16

Haploid (n)

Question 17

How many chromosomes does a cell from mitosis have in a human?

Answer 17

46

Question 18

What happens in synthesis? (S phase)

Answer 18

DNA replication

Question 19

What happens in the G1 phase of interphase?

Answer 19

Cell growth, synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids.

Question 20

Where is the built in molecular brake?

Answer 20

G1

Question 21

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 21

The cytoplasmic division

Question 22

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 22

23

Question 23

What is the spindle apparatus?

Answer 23

Moves chromosomes during mitosis. Consists of 2 distinct sets of microtubules.

Question 24

What happens in prophase?

Answer 24

• chromosomes begin to condense.
• new microtubules are assembled at the centrosome.
• nuclear envelope starts to break up

Question 25

What happens in metaphase?

Answer 25

* Chromosomes are lined up at the spindle equator. | * chromosomes are maximally condensed.

Question 26

What happens in anaphase?

Answer 26

* Sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart. | * once separated each chromatid is a chromosome.

Question 27

What happens in telophase?

Answer 27

* Chromosomes decondense | * two nuclear membranes form

Question 28

What is the result of mitosis?

Answer 28

Two gentically identical daughter cells

Question 29

What are checkpoint genes?

Answer 29

Proteins that monitor the structure of DNA for problems and if each phase of cell cycle is completed successfully. And sense whether conditions favor for cell division.

Question 30

Protein p53

Answer 30

Regulates entry of the cell into s phase.

Question 31

BCR: | Distinguish between a suppressor gene, a proto-oncogenes, and an a oncogene.

Answer 31

Suppressor: checkpoint gene that inhibits mitosis. Porto-oncogenes: checkpoint gene that stimulates mitosis. Oncogene: mutant version of a gene that normally promotes cell cycle.

Question 32

Unique forms of genes are called ________.

Answer 32

Alleles

Question 33

Homologous chromosomes Carry ________ alleles.

Answer 33

Different

Question 34

Prophase 1

Answer 34

Synapsis: each chromosome pairs with homologue | Each chromosome becomes attached to the spindle.

Question 35

Metaphase 1

Answer 35

Chromosomes are pushed and pulled until they line up at the middle of the cell. The spindle is fully formed.

Question 36

Anaphase 1

Answer 36

Homologous chromosomes segregate. | The sister chromatids remained attached.

Question 37

Telophase 1

Answer 37

The chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the poles. And usually follows by cytoplasmic division.

Question 38

Prophase 2

Answer 38

Microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the duplicated chromosomes.

Question 39

Metaphase 2

Answer 39

Duplicates chromosomes line up single file at the spindle equator, midway between the poles.

Question 40

Anaphase 2

Answer 40

Sister chromatids separate to become independent chromosomes.

Question 41

Telophase 2

Answer 41

The chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the cell. A nuclear envelope forms around Each set of chromosomes. Four haploid cells are produced.

Question 42

Crossing over

Answer 42

Synapsis: Each chromosome becomes zippered to its homologue forming a tetrad. All four chromatids are closely aligned. No sister chromosomes exchange segments.

Question 43

Effect of crossing over

Answer 43

Each chromosome contains maternal and paternal segments. Creates new Allele combinations for offspring.

Question 44

Crossing over takes place during _____________. In meiosis

Answer 44

Prophase 1

Question 45

Random alignment

Answer 45

Contact between microtubules and chromosomes are random.

Question 46

Reproductive cloning purpose:

Answer 46

To create an identical copy of an organism

Question 47

End product of reproductive cloning?

Answer 47

Baby

Question 48

Forms of natural cloning?

Answer 48

Budding, vegetative reproduction, identical twins, fragmentation.

Question 49

Therapeutic cloning propose:

Answer 49

To create stem cells for use in medical therapies.

Question 50

What is the end product of therapeutic cloning?

Answer 50

Cell line, tissue, or an organ.

Question 51

Stem cells

Answer 51

Unspecialized cells that renew themselves for long periods of time.