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Human Reproduction > First Aid: Reproductive Anatomy > Flashcards

First Aid: Reproductive Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Types of congenital penile abnormalities

A
  • Hypospadias
  • Epispadias
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2
Q

What is hypospadias?

A

Abnormal opening of penile urethra on ventral surface of penis due to failure of urethral folds to fuse

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3
Q

Hypospadias Mnemonic

A

Hypo is below

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4
Q

Congenital penile abnormalities epidemiology

A

Hypospadias is more common than epispadias

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5
Q

Hypospadias risk factors

A

Associated with inguinal hernia and cryptorchidism

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6
Q

Epispadias risk factors

A

Exstrophy of the bladder is associated with Epispadias

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7
Q

Epispadias Mnemonic

A

When you have Epispadias, you hit your Eye when you pEE

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8
Q

What is epispadias?

A
  • Abnormal opening of the penile urethra on the dorsal surface of penis due to faulty positining of genital tubercle
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9
Q

Hypospadias and epispadias

A
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10
Q

What is the Gubernaculim?

A

Band of fibrous tissue

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11
Q

Gubernaculim male remnant

A

Anchors testes within scrotum

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12
Q

Gubernaculim female remnant

A

Ovarian ligament + round ligament of uterus

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13
Q

What is the Processus vaginalis

A

Evagination of peritoneum

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14
Q

Processus vaginalis male remnant

A

Forms tunica vaginalis

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15
Q

Processus vaginalis female remnant

A

Obliterated

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16
Q

Types of gonadal drainage

2 listed

A
  • Venous drainage
  • Lymphatic drainage
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17
Q

Describe venous gonadal drainage

A

Left ovary/testis → left gonadal vein → left renal vein → IVC

Right Ovary/testis → right gonadal vein → IVC

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18
Q

Describe gonadal lymphatic drainage

A
  • Ovaries/testes → para-aortic lymph nodes
  • Body of uterus/superior bladder → external iliac nodes
  • Prostate/cervix/corpus cavernosum/proximal vagina → internal iliac nodes
  • Distal vagina/vulva/scrotum/distal anus → superficial inguinal nodes
  • Glans penis → deep inguinal nodes
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19
Q

Things to remeber regarding gonadal lymphatic and venous drainage

A
  • “Left gonadal vein takes the Longest way”
  • Because the left spermatic vein enters the left renal vein at a 90o angle, flow is less laminar on left than on the right → left venous pressure > right venous pressure → varicocele more common on the left
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20
Q

Identify female reporductive anatomy

A
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21
Q

Infundibulopelvic ligament function

A

Connects the ovaries to the lateral pelvic wall and contains the ovarian vessels

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22
Q

Ovarian vessels are contained in what ligament?

A

Infundibulopelvic ligament

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23
Q

Infundibulopelvic ligament AKA

A

Suspensory ligament of the ovary

24
Q

Infundibulopelvic ligament notes

A
  • Ligate vessels during oophorectomy to avoid bleeding
  • Ureter courses retroperitoneally, close to gonadal vessels → at risk of injury during ligation of ovarian vessels
25
Q

Cardinal ligament function

A

Connects the cervix to the side wall of pelvis and contains the uterine vessels

26
Q

Cardinal ligament notes

A

Ureter at risk of injury during ligation of uterine vessels in hysterectomy

27
Q

Female reproductive related ligaments

A
  • Infundibulopelvic ligament
  • Cardinal ligament
  • Round ligament of the uterus
  • Broad ligament
  • Ovarian ligament
28
Q

Round ligament of the uterus function

A

Connects the uterine horn to labia majora doesn’t contain anything

29
Q

Round ligament of the uterus notes

A
  • Derivative of gubernaculum
  • Travels through round inguinal canal; above the artery of Sampson
30
Q

Broad ligament function

A

Connects the Uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries to pelvic side wall and contains ovaries, fallopian tubes, round ligaments of uterus

31
Q

Broad ligament notes

A

Fold of peritoneum that comprises the mesosalpinx, mesometrium and mesovarium

32
Q

Ovarian ligament function

A

Connects Medial pole of ovary to the uterine horn

33
Q

Ovarian ligament notes

A

Derivative of gubernaculum

Ovarian Ligament Latches to Lateral uterus

34
Q

Vagina histology

A

Stratified squamous epithelium, nonkeratinized

35
Q

Ectocervix histology

A

Stratified squamous epithelium, nonkeratinized

36
Q

Transformation zone hiistology

A

Squamocolumnar junction (most common area for cervical cancer)

37
Q

What is the most common area for cervical cancer?

A

The transformation zone squamocolumnar junction

38
Q

Endocervix histology

A

Simple columnar epithelium

39
Q

Uterus histology

A

Simple columnar epithelium with long tubular glands in proliferative phase; coiled glands in secretory phase

40
Q

Fallopian tube histology

A

Simple columnar epithelium, ciliated

41
Q

Ovary, outer surface histology

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium (germinal epithelium covering surface of ovary)

42
Q

Male reproductive anatomy

A

608

43
Q

Urethral injury epidemiology

A
  • Occurs almost exclusively in men
  • Suspect if blood seen at urethral meatus
  • Urethral catheterization is relatively contraindicated
44
Q

Part of the urethra involved in anterior urethral injury

A

Bulbar (spongy) urethra

45
Q

Part of the urethra involved in posterior urethral injury

A

Membranous urethra

46
Q

Mechanism of anterior urethral injury

A

Perineal straddle injury

47
Q

Mechanism of posterior urethral injury

A

Pelvic fracture

48
Q

Location of urine leak/blood accumulation in Anterior urethral injury

A

Blood accumulates in scrotum

IF Buck fascia is torn, urine escapes into the perineal space

49
Q

Location of urine leak/blood accumulation in Posterior urethral injury

A

Urine leaks into retropubic space

50
Q

Presentation of Anterior urethral injury

A

Blood at urethral meatus and scrotal hematoma

51
Q

Presentation of Posterior urethral injury

A

Blood at urethral meatus and high-riding prostate

52
Q

Autonomic innervation of the male sexual response: processes innervated

A
  • Erection
  • Emission
  • Ejaculation
53
Q

Describe the Autonomic innervation of erection

A
  • Parasympathetic nervous system (pelvic splanchnic nerves, S2-S4)
  • NO → ↑ cGMP → smooth muscle relaxation → vasodilation → proerectile
  • Norepinephrine → ↑ [Ca2+] → smooth muscle contraction → vasoconstriction → antierectile
54
Q

Describe the autonomic innervation of Emission

A

Sympathetic nervous system (hypogastric nerve, TH-L2)

55
Q

Describe the autonomic innervation of Ejaculation

A

Visceral and Somatic nerves (pudendal nerve)

56
Q

Mnemonic of autonomic innervation of the male sexual response

A

PSS

Point

Squeeze

Shoot

57
Q

Sildenafil moa in the male sexual response

A

PDE-5 inhibitors (eg sildenafil) ↓cGMP breakdown

Human Reproduction (40 decks)

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