First Aid Key Associations Flashcards
Key Associations: Actinic (solar) keratosis
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
Key Associations: Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
Cushing ulcer (increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion)
Key Associations: Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
Key Associations: Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
Skip lesions (Crohn disease)
Key Associations: Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Atherosclerosis
Key Associations: Ascending or arch aortic aneurysm
Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis); Vasa vasorum destruction
Key Associations: Thoracic aortic aneurysm
Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
Key Associations: Aortic dissection
Hypertension
Key Associations: Atrophy of the mamillary bodies
Wernicke encephelopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, opthalmoplegia and confusion)
Key Associations: Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and hemorrhage)
Sickle cell disease (hemoglobin S)
Key Associations: Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and stomach cancer
H. pylori
Key Associations: Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
S. pneumoniae
Key Associations: Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
Group B. Streptococcus / E. Coli (newborns) S. pneumoniae / N. meningitidis (kids, teens)
Key Associations: Bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)
Key Associations: Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)
Key Associations: Brain tumor (adults)
Supretentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma
Key Associations: Brain tumor (kids)
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) Supratentorial: craniopharyngioma
Key Associations: Breast cancer
Invasive ductal carcinoma
Key Associations: Breast mass
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma
Key Associations: Breast tumor (benign)
Fibroadenoma
Key Associations: Cardiac 1º tumor (kids)
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
Key Associations: Cardiac manifestation of lupus
Marantic/thrombotic endocarditis (nonbacterial)
Key Associations: Cardiac tumor (adults)
Metastasis,
Myxoma (90% in left atrium, “ball and valve”)
Key Associations: Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Chiari II malformation
Key Associations: Chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
Key Associations: Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
Key Associations: Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
Key Associations: Congential adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
Key Associations: Congential cardiac anomaly
VSD (ventricular septal defect)
Key Associations: Congential conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile
Key Associations: Constrictive pericarditis
TB (developing world),
Idiopathic,
Viral illness (developed world)
Key Associations: Coronary artery involved in thrombosis
LAD > RCA > circumflex
Key Associations: Cretinism
Iodine deficit / congential hypothyroidism
Key Associations: Cushing syndrome
Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy);
Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol);
ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease);
Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
Key Associations: Cyanosis (early, less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot
transpotisition of great vessels,
truncus arteriosus
Key Associations: Cyanosis (late, more common)
VSD (Ventricular septal defect)
ASD (Atrial septal defect)
PDA (Patent ductus arteriosus)
Key Associations: Death in CML
Blast crisis
Key Associations: Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
Key Associations: Dementia
Alzheimer disease;
Multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)
Key Associations: Demylenating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
Key Associations: DIC
Severe sepsis;
Obstetric complications;
Cancer;
Burns;
Trauma;
Major surgery
Key Associations: Dietary deficit
Iron
Key Associations: Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
Key Associations: Ejection click
Aortic stenosis
Key Associations: Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide);
Adenocarcinoma (U.S.)
Key Associations: Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
S. aureus;
B. cereus
Key Associations: Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
Key Associations: Gynecologic malignancy
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.);
Cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
Key Associations: Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
Key Associations: Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever);
Tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
Key Associations: Helminth infection (U.S.)
Enterobius vermicularis;
Ascaris lumbricoides
Key Associations: Hematoma (epidural)
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma, lentiform-shaped)
Key Associations: Hematoma (subdural)
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent-shaped)
Key Associations: Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in heart failure, “bronze diabetes,” and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
Key Associations: Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (associated with Hep B and C and with alcoholism)
Key Associations: Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
Key Associations: Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
Key Associations: HLA-B27
Anylosing spondylitis;
Reactive arthritis;
Ulcerative colitis;
Psoriatic arthritis
Key Associations: HLA-DR3
Diabetes mellitus type I;
SLE;
Graves disease;
Hashimotos thyroiditis
Key Associations: HLA-DR4
Diabetes mellitus type I;
Rheumatoid arthritis
Key Associations: Holocystolic murmur
VSD;
tricuspid regurgitation;
mitral regurgitation
Key Associations: Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow triad (increased risk of thrombosis)
Key Associations: Hypertension, 2º
Renal disease
Key Associations: Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
Key Associations: Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
Key Associations: Infection secondary to blood transfusion
Hepatitis C
Key Associations: Infections in granulomatous disease
S. aureus;
E. Coli;
Aspergillus (catalase +)
Key Associations: Intellectual disability
Down syndrome;
Fragile X syndrome
Key Associations: Kidney stones
Calcium = radiopaque;
Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urase + organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus species and S. saprophyticus);
Uric acid = radiolucent
Key Associations: Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA, results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
Key Associations: Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
Key Associations: Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher disease
Key Associations: Male cancer
Prostatic carcinoma
Key Associations: Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
Key Associations: Malignancy (kids)
ALL;
Medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
Key Associations: Metastases to bone
Prostate, breast > lung > thryoid
Key Associations: Metastases to brain
Lung > breast > genitourinary > melanoma > GI
Key Associations: Metastases to liver
Colon >> stomach, pancreas
Key Associations: Mitochondrial inheritance
Disease occurs in both males and females;
Inherited through females only
Key Associations: Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
Key Associations: Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
ALS
Key Associations: Myocarditis
Coxsackie B
Key Associations: Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Key Associations: Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
Key Associations: Neuron migration failure
Kallmann syndrome (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)
Key Associations: Nosocomial pneumonia
S. aureus;
Pseudomonas;
other enteric gram-negative rods
Key Associations: Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
Key Associations: Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
Key Associations: Opportunistic infection in AIDS
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
Key Associations: Osteomyelitis
S. aureus (most common overall)
Key Associations: Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
Key Associations: Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
Pseudomonas;
Candida;
S. aureus
Key Associations: Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
Key Associations: Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
Key Associations: Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones;
Alcohol
Key Associations: Pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults);
CF (kids)
Key Associations: Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
ALL: child;
CLL: adult > 60
AML: adult ~65
CML: adult 45-85
Key Associations: Pelvic inflammatory disease
C. trachomatis;
N. gonorrhoeae
Key Associations: Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (BCR-ABL)
CML
May sometimes be associated with ALL/AML
Key Associations: Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma;
Somatotropic adenoma
Key Associations: 1º amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45,X)
Key Associations: 1º bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
Key Associations: 1º hyperaldosteronism
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
Key Associations: 1º hyperparthyroidism
Adenomas;
Hyperplasia;
Carcinoma
Key Associations: 1º liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, ∝1-antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson disease)
Key Associations: Pulmonary hypertension
COPD
Key Associations: Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
Key Associations: Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von-Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking;
Paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTHrP, ACTH)
Key Associations: Right heart failure du to a pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
Key Associations: S3 heart sound
Increased ventricular filling pressure (ie mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles
Key Associations: S4 heart sound
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
Key Associations: 2º hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
Key Associations: Sexually transmitted disease
C. trachomatis (usually coinfected with N. gonorrhoeae)
Key Associations: SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
Key Associations: Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
Key Associations: Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
Key Associations: Stomach cancer
Adenocarcinoma
Key Associations: Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
Key Associations: t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)
Key Associations: t(8;14)
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)
Key Associations: t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL activation, tyrosine kinase oncogene)
Key Associations: Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery;
Polymyalgia rheumatica
Key Associations: Testicular tumor
Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive)
Key Associations: Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma
Key Associations: Tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen-dependent, not precancerous)
Key Associations: Tumor of infancy
Strawberry hemangioma (usully regresses spontaneously by childhood)
Key Associations: Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
Key Associations: Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
Key Associations: Type of Hodgkin lymphoma
Nodular sclerosing (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
Key Associations: Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Key Associations: UTI
E. Coli;
Staphylococcuc saprophyticus (young women)
Key Associations: Vertebral compression fracture
Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal women; type II: elderly men or women)
Key Associations: Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
Key Associations: Vitamin deficiency (U.S.)
Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3-4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
