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STEP 1 > First Aid Key Associations > Flashcards

First Aid Key Associations Flashcards

1
Q

Key Associations: Actinic (solar) keratosis

A

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Key Associations: Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing ulcer (increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion)

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3
Q

Key Associations: Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

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4
Q

Key Associations: Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

Skip lesions (Crohn disease)

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5
Q

Key Associations: Abdominal aortic aneurysm

A

Atherosclerosis

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6
Q

Key Associations: Ascending or arch aortic aneurysm

A

Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis); Vasa vasorum destruction

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7
Q

Key Associations: Thoracic aortic aneurysm

A

Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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8
Q

Key Associations: Aortic dissection

A

Hypertension

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9
Q

Key Associations: Atrophy of the mamillary bodies

A

Wernicke encephelopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, opthalmoplegia and confusion)

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10
Q

Key Associations: Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and hemorrhage)

A

Sickle cell disease (hemoglobin S)

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11
Q

Key Associations: Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and stomach cancer

A

H. pylori

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12
Q

Key Associations: Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

S. pneumoniae

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13
Q

Key Associations: Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A

Group B. Streptococcus / E. Coli (newborns) S. pneumoniae / N. meningitidis (kids, teens)

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14
Q

Key Associations: Bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma

A

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)

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15
Q

Key Associations: Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)

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16
Q

Key Associations: Brain tumor (adults)

A

Supretentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma

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17
Q

Key Associations: Brain tumor (kids)

A

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) Supratentorial: craniopharyngioma

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18
Q

Key Associations: Breast cancer

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma

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19
Q

Key Associations: Breast mass

A

Fibrocystic change, carcinoma

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20
Q

Key Associations: Breast tumor (benign)

A

Fibroadenoma

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21
Q

Key Associations: Cardiac 1º tumor (kids)

A

Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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22
Q

Key Associations: Cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

Marantic/thrombotic endocarditis (nonbacterial)

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23
Q

Key Associations: Cardiac tumor (adults)

A

Metastasis,

Myxoma (90% in left atrium, “ball and valve”)

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24
Q

Key Associations: Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari II malformation

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25
Q

Key Associations: Chronic arrhythmia

A

Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)

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26
Q

Key Associations: Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

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27
Q

Key Associations: Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

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28
Q

Key Associations: Congential adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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29
Q

Key Associations: Congential cardiac anomaly

A

VSD (ventricular septal defect)

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30
Q

Key Associations: Congential conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile

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31
Q

Key Associations: Constrictive pericarditis

A

TB (developing world),

Idiopathic,

Viral illness (developed world)

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32
Q

Key Associations: Coronary artery involved in thrombosis

A

LAD > RCA > circumflex

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33
Q

Key Associations: Cretinism

A

Iodine deficit / congential hypothyroidism

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34
Q

Key Associations: Cushing syndrome

A

Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy);

Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol);

ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease);

Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)

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35
Q

Key Associations: Cyanosis (early, less common)

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

transpotisition of great vessels,

truncus arteriosus

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36
Q

Key Associations: Cyanosis (late, more common)

A

VSD (Ventricular septal defect)

ASD (Atrial septal defect)

PDA (Patent ductus arteriosus)

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37
Q

Key Associations: Death in CML

A

Blast crisis

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38
Q

Key Associations: Death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

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39
Q

Key Associations: Dementia

A

Alzheimer disease;

Multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)

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40
Q

Key Associations: Demylenating disease in young women

A

Multiple sclerosis

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41
Q

Key Associations: DIC

A

Severe sepsis;

Obstetric complications;

Cancer;

Burns;

Trauma;

Major surgery

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42
Q

Key Associations: Dietary deficit

A

Iron

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43
Q

Key Associations: Diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

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44
Q

Key Associations: Ejection click

A

Aortic stenosis

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45
Q

Key Associations: Esophageal cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide);

Adenocarcinoma (U.S.)

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46
Q

Key Associations: Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

A

S. aureus;

B. cereus

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47
Q

Key Associations: Glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)

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48
Q

Key Associations: Gynecologic malignancy

A

Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.);

Cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)

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49
Q

Key Associations: Heart murmur, congenital

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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50
Q

Key Associations: Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever);

Tricuspid (IV drug abuse)

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51
Q

Key Associations: Helminth infection (U.S.)

A

Enterobius vermicularis;

Ascaris lumbricoides

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52
Q

Key Associations: Hematoma (epidural)

A

Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma, lentiform-shaped)

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53
Q

Key Associations: Hematoma (subdural)

A

Rupture of bridging veins (crescent-shaped)

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54
Q

Key Associations: Hemochromatosis

A

Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in heart failure, “bronze diabetes,” and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)

55
Q

Key Associations: Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Cirrhotic liver (associated with Hep B and C and with alcoholism)

56
Q

Key Associations: Hereditary bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand disease

57
Q

Key Associations: Hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

58
Q

Key Associations: HLA-B27

A

Anylosing spondylitis;

Reactive arthritis;

Ulcerative colitis;

Psoriatic arthritis

59
Q

Key Associations: HLA-DR3

A

Diabetes mellitus type I;

SLE;

Graves disease;

Hashimotos thyroiditis

60
Q

Key Associations: HLA-DR4

A

Diabetes mellitus type I;

Rheumatoid arthritis

61
Q

Key Associations: Holocystolic murmur

A

VSD;

tricuspid regurgitation;

mitral regurgitation

62
Q

Key Associations: Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

Virchow triad (increased risk of thrombosis)

63
Q

Key Associations: Hypertension, 2º

A

Renal disease

64
Q

Key Associations: Hypoparathyroidism

A

Accidental excision during thyroidectomy

65
Q

Key Associations: Hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)

66
Q

Key Associations: Infection secondary to blood transfusion

A

Hepatitis C

67
Q

Key Associations: Infections in granulomatous disease

A

S. aureus;

E. Coli;

Aspergillus (catalase +)

68
Q

Key Associations: Intellectual disability

A

Down syndrome;

Fragile X syndrome

69
Q

Key Associations: Kidney stones

A

Calcium = radiopaque;

Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urase + organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus species and S. saprophyticus);

Uric acid = radiolucent

70
Q

Key Associations: Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)

A

Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA, results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)

71
Q

Key Associations: Liver disease

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis

72
Q

Key Associations: Lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher disease

73
Q

Key Associations: Male cancer

A

Prostatic carcinoma

74
Q

Key Associations: Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

75
Q

Key Associations: Malignancy (kids)

A

ALL;

Medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

76
Q

Key Associations: Metastases to bone

A

Prostate, breast > lung > thryoid

77
Q

Key Associations: Metastases to brain

A

Lung > breast > genitourinary > melanoma > GI

78
Q

Key Associations: Metastases to liver

A

Colon >> stomach, pancreas

79
Q

Key Associations: Mitochondrial inheritance

A

Disease occurs in both males and females;

Inherited through females only

80
Q

Key Associations: Mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

81
Q

Key Associations: Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

A

ALS

82
Q

Key Associations: Myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B

83
Q

Key Associations: Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

84
Q

Key Associations: Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

Minimal change disease

85
Q

Key Associations: Neuron migration failure

A

Kallmann syndrome (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)

86
Q

Key Associations: Nosocomial pneumonia

A

S. aureus;

Pseudomonas;

other enteric gram-negative rods

87
Q

Key Associations: Obstruction of male urinary tract

A

BPH

88
Q

Key Associations: Opening snap

A

Mitral stenosis

89
Q

Key Associations: Opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

90
Q

Key Associations: Osteomyelitis

A

S. aureus (most common overall)

91
Q

Key Associations: Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

Salmonella

92
Q

Key Associations: Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas;

Candida;

S. aureus

93
Q

Key Associations: Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

Serous cystadenoma

94
Q

Key Associations: Ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

95
Q

Key Associations: Pancreatitis (acute)

A

Gallstones;

Alcohol

96
Q

Key Associations: Pancreatitis (chronic)

A

Alcohol (adults);

CF (kids)

97
Q

Key Associations: Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML

A

ALL: child;

CLL: adult > 60

AML: adult ~65

CML: adult 45-85

98
Q

Key Associations: Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

C. trachomatis;

N. gonorrhoeae

99
Q

Key Associations: Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (BCR-ABL)

A

CML

May sometimes be associated with ALL/AML

100
Q

Key Associations: Pituitary tumor

A

Prolactinoma;

Somatotropic adenoma

101
Q

Key Associations: 1º amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome (45,X)

102
Q

Key Associations: 1º bone tumor (adults)

A

Multiple myeloma

103
Q

Key Associations: 1º hyperaldosteronism

A

Adenoma of adrenal cortex

104
Q

Key Associations: 1º hyperparthyroidism

A

Adenomas;

Hyperplasia;

Carcinoma

105
Q

Key Associations: 1º liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, ∝1-antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson disease)

106
Q

Key Associations: Pulmonary hypertension

A

COPD

107
Q

Key Associations: Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

A

Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

108
Q

Key Associations: Renal tumor

A

Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von-Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking;

Paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTHrP, ACTH)

109
Q

Key Associations: Right heart failure du to a pulmonary cause

A

Cor pulmonale

110
Q

Key Associations: S3 heart sound

A

Increased ventricular filling pressure (ie mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles

111
Q

Key Associations: S4 heart sound

A

Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

112
Q

Key Associations: 2º hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

113
Q

Key Associations: Sexually transmitted disease

A

C. trachomatis (usually coinfected with N. gonorrhoeae)

114
Q

Key Associations: SIADH

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

115
Q

Key Associations: Site of diverticula

A

Sigmoid colon

116
Q

Key Associations: Sites of atherosclerosis

A

Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery

117
Q

Key Associations: Stomach cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

118
Q

Key Associations: Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)

119
Q

Key Associations: t(14;18)

A

Follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)

120
Q

Key Associations: t(8;14)

A

Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)

121
Q

Key Associations: t(9;22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL activation, tyrosine kinase oncogene)

122
Q

Key Associations: Temporal arteritis

A

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery;

Polymyalgia rheumatica

123
Q

Key Associations: Testicular tumor

A

Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive)

124
Q

Key Associations: Thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma

125
Q

Key Associations: Tumor in women

A

Leiomyoma (estrogen-dependent, not precancerous)

126
Q

Key Associations: Tumor of infancy

A

Strawberry hemangioma (usully regresses spontaneously by childhood)

127
Q

Key Associations: Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)

A

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

128
Q

Key Associations: Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)

A

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

129
Q

Key Associations: Type of Hodgkin lymphoma

A

Nodular sclerosing (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

130
Q

Key Associations: Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

131
Q

Key Associations: UTI

A

E. Coli;

Staphylococcuc saprophyticus (young women)

132
Q

Key Associations: Vertebral compression fracture

A

Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal women; type II: elderly men or women)

133
Q

Key Associations: Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

A

HSV-1

134
Q

Key Associations: Vitamin deficiency (U.S.)

A

Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3-4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects)

STEP 1 (7 decks)

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