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First Aid Flashcards

1
Q

Define first aid

What must be done before delivering first aid?

A

The initial assistance or treatment given to someone who is injured or suddenly taken ill.

Ensure consent is given

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2
Q

What are the 7 priorities of first aid when arriving at an incident?
What’s the acronym

A
  • Assess the situation
    (weather/secondary hazards)
  • Protect yourself and casualties
    (eg/chemicals/pile up and telling passenger to turn away from driver to prevent panick)
  • Assess all causalities (loud and quiet)
  • Comfort and reassure casualties
  • Deal with life threatening conditions
  • Obtain medical aid if necessary
  • Call ambulance

APACDOC

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3
Q

How must you assess the casualty?
What’s the acronym? Within this, what are you looking for in each step? (Also acronyms)

A

DRABC

DANGER
To self or casualty

RESPONSE (AVU)
Alert (hello can you hear me)
Voice (can you speak)
Unresponsive

AIRWAY (CMM)
Check (need cleared?)
Make
Maintain

BREATHING (LLF)
Look (rise and fall of chest)
Listen
Feel (back of hand for 10 s)

CIRCULATION (VPI)
Visual check for life threatening bleeds (squeeze thumb)
Pooling of blood
Gloves worn if available (pat down checking hands after each section)

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4
Q

List 5 causes of shock

A

Hypothermia

Anaphylaxis (allergic reaction)

Burns and fluid loss (blood/vomit)

Drug overdose

Heart attacks

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5
Q

What are the 3 signs and symptoms of the first release of adrenaline following shock?

A

Rapid pulse

Pale, cold, clammy skin (adrenaline takes warm blood to organs)

Sweating (body out of sync)

RPS

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6
Q

What are the 5 signs and symptoms of the development of shock and release of adrenaline?

A

Weakness and dizziness

Thirst, nausea, possible vomiting

Shallow rapid breathing (panick)

Weak thready pulse (due to blood volume loss)

Grey blue skin (hyperventilating)

WTBWG

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7
Q

What are the 3 signs and symptoms of shock when the brains oxygen supply weakens once adrenaline is released?

A

Relentlessness and aggressiveness

Yawning (lack of oxygen)

Unconsciousness/heart stops

RYU

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8
Q

What are the 7 steps to treating a causality of shock?

A

Treat cause of shock

Lay casualty down (stop falls), then raise and support legs

Loosen tight clothing (can make feel constricted during deep breaths)

Shelter casualty from extreme temperatures

Call for med aid (999/112-can track)

Monitor and record vital signs

Prepare to resuscitate

TLSSCMP

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9
Q

What are the DO NOTS when treating someone suffering from shock?

A

Don’t give anything to eat/drink (incase are sick/need op)

Don’t apply direct heat

Don’t allow smoking (further starves brain of oxygen)

Don’t leave casualty alone

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10
Q

What are 6 common triggers of anaphylactic shock? (Allergic reaction)

A

Nuts

Shellfish

Eggs

Wasps

Latex

Medications (eg/penicillin)

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11
Q

What are 4 signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock?

A

Red, itchy rash/raised areas of skin

Red, itchy watery eyes

Swelling of hands, feet, face

Abdominal pain

RSA

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12
Q

Aside from the initial 4 signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock (RSA), what 6 other symptoms might there be?

A

Difficulty breathing

Pale/flushed skin

Swelling of tongue throat, puffy eyes

Feeling of terror

Confusion and agitation (lack of oxygen to brain

Sign of shock leading to collapse and lack of consciousness

DPSFCS

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13
Q

What are the 5 steps to treating someone suffering an anaphylactic shock?

A

Call 999

Auto injector (epipen)

Sit casualty up

Monitor and record

5 min repeat dosage if no improvement

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14
Q

When should you stop CPR?

What is the rate of compressions per minute?

A

-Begins breathing normally
-Change over people

100-120 per minute

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15
Q

What is the approximate number of adult breaths per minute?

What is the ratio for breaths to compressions?

A

16 breaths a minute at rest

30:2

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16
Q

What should be done if you still dont see the chest rise during CPR?

A

Re-check head and chin tilt, airways (if blocked, Pinch not Sweep as could lodge further in throat

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17
Q

What are the 6 signs and symptoms of obstruction in airway?

A

Distress (to extent of grasping)

Noisy, laboured breathing

Cyanosis (grey/blue skin)

Flaring of nostrils (trying to get as much as possible)

Red puffy face

Persistent dry cough

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18
Q

What are the 2 parts to choking?

A

MILD OBSTRUCTION (still able to speak, cough, breathe)

COMPLETE OBSTRUCTION (unable to speak, cough, breathe, eventual loss of consciousness)

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19
Q

What are the 5 signs and symptoms of hypoxia?

A

Rapid, distressed breathing and gasping

Difficulty speaking

Cyanosis (grey blue skin)

Anxiety and restlessness

Headache, nausea, vomit

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20
Q

How would you treat a CONSCIOUS choking casualty?

5

A

Encourage coughing

Up to 5 back slaps (leaning forwards, between shoulder blades)

Up to 5 abdominal thrusts is fails

Alternate between 5 back slaps, 5 thrusts (check mouth)

After 3 sets, get medical help, then continue till help arrives/unconscious (may relax muscles and dislodge)

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21
Q

How would you treat an UNCONSCIOUS choking casualty?

3

A

Open airway and check breathing, if not give 2 rescue breaths

If not effective, begin CPR to relieve obstruction quickly

If starts breathing, place in recovery, monitor every 3 and record every 10

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22
Q

What are the 3 types of bleeds?

A

Arteries (carry blood from heart - 2, rapid high pressure, spurting)

Veins (carry blood back to heart, steadier flow and easier to control)

Capillaries (small cells, slow and easily controlled stopping spontaneously)

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23
Q

What are the 7 types of wounds?

A

Incised

Lacerated (gash)

Puncture

Abrasion

Gunshot

Contused (bruised)

Stab

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24
Q

What are your 4 aims for dealng with a bleeding casualty?

A

CONTROL BLEEDING
Apply direct (pressure on wound constricting vessels)/indirect (applied to pressure point-no longer than 10 mins) pressure (if foreign object pad either side and bandage around)

PREVENT & MINIMISE EFFECTS OF SHOCK
Lie down, raise legs

MINIMISE INFECTION
Dress wound and hold with bandage firm enough to maintain pressure but not impair circulation

ARRANGE URGENT MEDICAL AID
Ensure extent is relayed to medic

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25
Q

What are the 7 signs and symptoms of bleeding?

A

Evidence of major blood loss

Yawning

Giddy/faint

Cold clammy skin

Pulse becomes faster but weaker

Blurred vision

Shallow breathing

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26
Q

How would you control a bleed using a dressing? 5

What happens when they bleed through?

A

Expose wound and apply direct pressure (if direct fails to stem flow of blood, apply indirect)

Raise and support limb

Lay casualty down to reduce flow of blood to wound and minimise shock

Apply dressing

Treat for shock, call for med aid

If it seeps through apply second dressing, then remove both and apply fresh after reassessing

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27
Q

What are the 3 types of fractures and what are the 2 classes?

A

Stable (bone on bone,still standing)

Unstable (possibly chipped and may slip)

Green stick (fibres still attached-babies and infants)

1- open (bone ends may pierce skin/wound at fracture site, risk of infection)

2- closed (surface of skin intact)

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28
Q

What are the 6 signs and symptoms of fractures?

A

Swelling and bruising at fracture sight

Loss of movement/power incl. pain moving

Deformity

Crepitus (coarse grating of bone ends that can be heard/felt by casualty)

Signs of shock

Possible bone ends protruding

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29
Q

What is the general treatment for fractures? 7

A

Don’t move casualty until injury secured/in danger

Steady and support fractured limb

Stop bleeding and dress open fractures, immobilise by splinting (keep straight) below and above injury to prevent movement but not to interfere with circulation (check circulation every 10m)

Cover wound with sterile dressing

Elevate limb to minimise bleeding and swelling

Treat for shock

Med aid asap

30
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a spinal injury? 5

A

Pain at site of injury incl. tender skin over spine

Step/irregularity in normal curve of spine

Loss of control over limbs and bladder

Loss/abnormal sensations eg/burning

Breathing difficulties

31
Q

How should you treat a CONSCIOUS casualty with a spinal fracture? 5

A

Reassure and tell not to move

Summon med aid making them aware it’s spinal

Steady and support head in spinal position but ears not covered

Help support rest of body and protect from elements (eg/stop shock incl hypothermia)

Await arrival of med aid and seek help to monitor vitals (VPERM)

32
Q

How should you treat an UNCONSCIOUS casualty with a spinal fracture? 4

A

Steady and support head in neutral position (head neck spine aligned)

Open airway not using excessive force

Check breathing (chest compressions and breaths if not berating

Monitor and record vitals (VPERM AND PERL)

33
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a skull fracture? 6

Include one point about treating

A

Wound/bruise on head/soft spot

Bruising/swelling behind ear or one/both eyes

Fluid from nose/ear

Blood in white of eyes

Lack of symmetry in face

Progressive deterioration in level of response

Check airway, if discharges, cover with sterile dressings then monitor and record vitals (VPERM & PEARL)

34
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of rib fractures? 5

A

Sharp pain at site increased by anything more than shallow breathing/coughing

Paradoxical breathing (absurd breathing cycle)

Sound of air being sucked into chest cavity (potential open/sucking wound aka pneumothorax)

Features of internal breathing

If lung punctured, frothy blood coughed up and cyanosis (blue lips)

35
Q

How would you treat a casualty with no complications and a casualty with a complication with rib fractures?

A

If no complications support injured side in sling and transport to hospital

If complications:
- Treat sucking wounds by sealing with hand over puncture then cover with sterile dressing secured firmly on 3 sides only
- Help casualty settle in most comfortable position inclined towards injured side
Get med aid

36
Q

What are the 6 types of burns? And what are the 3 different depths of burns?

A

Dry

Chemical

Scalds

Electrical

Cold injury

Radiation

  • superficial (top layer, red skin, minimal)
  • partial thickness (deeper, down to hair follicles, blisters)
  • full thickness (deep, close to fatty layers & potentially nerve endings, white and red skin, potential skin graft needed)
37
Q

What are the 5 general signs and symptoms of burns and scalds?

A

PRBDS

Pain in and around injury

Reddening around area

Blistering and peeling

Difficulty breathing

Shock

38
Q

What are the treatments for minor burns and scalds? 4

A

Flood area with cold water for min. 10 mins

Remove constricting items before swelling

Cover with sterile non fluffy dressing

Advise to seek med aid

39
Q

What are the treatments for severe burns and scalds? 6

A

Lay down protecting injury & remove burned clothing

Cool with cold water for min. 10 minutes

Get med aid

Check airway & breathing

Remove jewellery before swelling

Monitor and record vitals

40
Q

What are the 4 sign and symptoms of chemical burns?

A

Intense stinging pain

Discolouration

Blistering peeling swelling

Remove harmful chemical asap

41
Q

How would you treat chemical burns?

A

Make area safe (ventilate and seal)

Flood area with slow running water (cooled for 20 mins/longer (ensuring water drains away) and remove contaminated clothing

Take casualty to med aid and samples found

Monitor vitals

Of phosphorus keep wet

42
Q

What are the 3 signs and symptoms of electrical burns?

A

Unconsciousness

Full thickness burns with swelling and charring/burning at entry and exit points

Shock

43
Q

How would you treat chemical burns? 6

A

Ensure supply cut

Prep to give compressions and rescue breath

Flood with cold water

Remove jewellery before swelling

Dress would with sterile non fluffy dressing

Take to med aid and treat shock

44
Q

What are the 2 signs and symptoms of radiation burns?

A

Redness of skin, itching and tenderness

Severe - lobster red and blistering and potentially heat stroke

45
Q

What is the treatment for radiation burns?

A

Move to shade

Cool skin by sponging with cold water

frequent sips of water

Seek med advice

46
Q

Between which temperatures does the body work efficiently between?

How much faster does body temp reduce in colder water than dry air?

A

36-37 degrees

30x faster

47
Q

2 causes of hypothermia?

A

Body temp falls below 35 degrees

Severe - core temp falls below 30 degrees

48
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypothermia? 5

A

Shivering and cold pale dry skin

Irrational behaviours and slurred speech

Dazed

Slow weakening pulse (trying to get blood to vital organs)

Slow shallow breathing

49
Q

How do you treat hypothermia outside? 5

A

Shelter asap

Insulate (slowly layer) removing wet clothing, cover head and protect from ground

Seek help

Warm drinks if conscious

Evacuate by stretcher

50
Q

How do you treat hypothermia inside ?

A

Replace wet clothes with dry and rewarm via bathing (temp of water no more than 40 degrees) or sleeping bag

Warm food and drinks

Monitor and record vitals

Med aid

51
Q

What is heat exhaustion caused by and what are the signs and symptoms?

A

Loss of salt and water

Headache dizziness confusion

Loss of appetite and nausea

Sweating pale clammy skin

Cramps in limbs and abdomen

Rapid and weakening pulse and breathing

52
Q

How would you treat heat exhaustion?

A

Lay in cool place

Raise and support legs

Sips of weak salt solution

Advise to see doctor (effects may be longer lasting)

Recovery position if unconscious

Monitor and record vitals

53
Q

What is heat stroke and what are the signs and symptoms? 6

A

Body overheating

Headache agitation discomfort

Restless and confused

Hot flushed dry skin

Rapid deterioration in response level

Full bounding pulse

Body temp >40 degrees

54
Q

How would you treat for heat stroke treatment ?

A

Move to cool place

Remove clothing

Wrap in cold wet sheet

Monitor and record vitals

55
Q

What are the 5 ways poisons can enter the body?

A

I I I A

Ingestion (ate)

Injection

Inhalation (breath)

Absorption (skin, touch)

56
Q

What are the general signs and symptoms of poisoning? 5

A

Photo of poison/spot container near

Delusional/convulsions where unconsciousness may develop

Difficulty breathing

Retching, vomit, diarrhoea (body’s natural defence to try get rid)

Burns around casualty’s mouth if contact corrosive poison

(Vary depending on nature of poison and method of entry)

57
Q

What are the steps to treating poisoning? 4

Whats one thing you shouldn’t do?

A

Ask what happened

Cool lips id show signs of burning

Place in recovery (conscious/unconscious as may vomit)

Prepare to resuscitate and arrange urgent removal to hospital (sending samples of containers and samples of vomit)

DONT induce vomitting

58
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of acute stress reaction (ASR)? 4

A

Dazed, confused, shocked

Severe apprehension and restlessness (pressure and overthink)

Trembling sweating anxiety

Sleep disturbance (lack), headaches, poor concentration

59
Q

How do you manage casualties suffering acute stress reaction (ASR)?

A

Don’t leave unattended

Disarm

Give respite from action/reassure (time for self) and occupy with useful tasks (think of things over than trigger)

Evacuate to med aid if no recovery within 48 hours

60
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a heart attack? 7

A

Persistent chest pain that may spread to jaw and arms with rapid weak irregular pulse

Breathless (due to clenching)

Discomfort in high abdomen (like severe indigestion)

Collapse/sudden dizziness

Cyanosis (grey blue skin)

Profuse sweating/clammy

Air hunger (gasping for air)

61
Q

How do you treat a heart attack? 4

A

999 immediately inform of suspected heart attack

Make casualty comfortable (lie and elevate) and encourage rest

Assist in giving full 300mg dose of aspirin / angina med

Monitor record reassure

62
Q

What are the signs and symptoms/treatment for stroke?

A

F acial weakeness
A rm weakness
S peech problems
T ime to call 999 (inform suspected stroke)

63
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of epilepsy? 6

A

Sudden loss of consciousness

Become rigid, arching back

Breathing becomes difficult, noisy and signs of cyanosis

Convulsive movements then may fall into deep sleep

Saliva at mouth (blood stains if bit tongue)

Incontinence

64
Q

What causes:

A heart attack
A stroke
An epileptic episode?

A

HA - sudden obstruction of blood supply to part of heart

S - blocked vessels in brain

E - brains signals go wrong

65
Q

How do you treat a casualty having an epileptic episode? 5

A

Make space around, cushion head

Note start time

Loosen tight clothing round neck

Check airway and breathing once convulsions finish

Monitor and record vital signs

66
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of asthma? 5

A

Wheezing - difficult breathing, coughing, cyanosis

Difficulty speaking = whispering

Distress and anxiety

Exhaustion after severe attacks

May stop breathing/unconscious

67
Q

How do you treat someone having an asthma attack? 4

When does it become problematic?

A

Keep calm and reassured, sit them comfortable

Give usual dose of reliever inhaler, breathing slow and deep

If doesn’t subside after few minutes give 1-2 puffs every 2 mins, max 10

If severe (inhaler has no effect/casualty gets worse) call 999

If lasts longer than 5 minutes, can cause LT problems

68
Q

What is type 1diabetes and what are the symptoms? 5

What is the treatment?

A

HypERglycaemia (high blood sugar,pancreas can’t produce insulin, born with)

-warm dry skin
-rapid pulse & breathing
-fruity sweet breath & excessive breathing
-med warning tag
-drowsy=unconscious if not treated

Call 999, monitor and record vitals

69
Q

What is type 2 diabetes and what are the symptoms? 5

How would you treat someone?

A

HypOglycaemia (low blood sugar,pancreas can’t produce enough insulin, result of bad diet)

-history of diabetes
-weakness, faint, hunger
-confused/irrational
-sweating with cold clammy skin
- rapid pulse
-deteriorating level of response
-med tag & med eg/insulin pen/tablets & glucose testing kit

Sit down and give gels or sweets (if improves give more), no improvement call 999

70
Q

What are the 3 symptoms and 3 treatments for chemicals in the eye?

A

Intense pain and inability to open it
Redness, swelling and watering
Evidence of chemical substance in area

Irrigate for 10 mins (draining away)
Dress with non fluffy sterile dressing
Sleek med help

71
Q

What are the 4 symptoms and 3 treatments for dust and grit in the eye?

A

Blurred vision
Pain
Redness and water
Eyelids screwed up in spas

Advise not to rub
Gently separate lids with clean hands and look for object
Seek med aid

72
Q

What are the 4 symptoms and 3 treatments for cuts in the eye?

A

Pain in eye/lids
Visible wound/bloodshot
Partial/total loss of vision
Leakage of blood/fluid from wound

Tell casualty to keep eye still
Apply dressing
Arrange for urgent removal to med aid

RAF (8 decks)

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