FINALS01: LABORATORY Flashcards
Eliminates non-solid wastes from the body
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
4 organs of Excretory System
Kidney, Ureters, Urinary bladder, and Urethra
Are fist-sized and bean-shaped structures that filters blood to remove waste from the body
Kidney
Tubes that carry urine from pelvis of the kidney to urinary bladder
Ureters
Temporarily stores urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body
Urinary bladder
Tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
Urethra
Two layers of kidney
Medulla & Cortex
What are the filtering units
Nephrons
How many percent of blood is present in kidney
20%
3 Excretions of kidneys
Urea, Uric acid, & Creatinine
Waste product of muscle action
Creatinine
Nitrogenous waste produced in the liver from breakdown of protein
Urea
Usually produced from the breakdown of DNA or RNA
Uric acid
3 Functions of Kidneys in maintaining Homeostasis
(1) Removes waste from blood
(2) Helps to maintain electrolytes, pH, and fluid balance
(3) Releases key hormones
These are the filtering units in the kidneys, also clean and rebalance blood to produce urine
Neuphrons
Enumerate 3 Processes in cleaning the blood
Filtration, Reabsorption, & Excretion
What kind of process does water, electrolytes, amino acids, glucose, urea, and other small molecules diffuses out of the blood that creates filter?
FILTRATION
What kind of process enters the rest of tubule and reabsorbed to blood?
REABSORPTION
What kind of process where the remaining urine flows into a collecting duct that leads to the ureter?
EXCRETION
Recipient and donor tissue must match and drugs prevent tissue rejection
KIDNEY TRANSPLANT
Enumerate the 3 Disorders of Excretory System
UTI, Kidney Infections, & Kidney stones
What does UTI means?
Urinary Tract Infections
A type of disorders that includes painful urination burning sensations and has bloody or brown urine
Urinary Tract Infections or “UTI”
What do you call a bladder that has become affected by UTI?
Cystitis
What do you call if urethra is infected?
Urethritis
2 most common crystals are?
Calcium oxalates & Uric acid
Network of capillaries
Glomerus
A type of disorders when an infection reaches kidneys and becomes known as “pyelonephritis”, and its common cause is an infection anywhere in the body
Kidney Infections
A type of disorder where crystals from the minerals formed in urine that can be found in kidney, ureter, or bladder. Its symptoms includes severe back or abdomen pain
Kidney Stones
Encases the glomerus
Browman’s capsule
A network of organs that helps in digesting and absorb nutrition from food
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
5 Functions of Digestive System
Ingestion
(2) Digestion
(3) Absorption of nutrients into blood
(4) Metabolism
(5) Elimination
Production of ATP in Digestive System
Metabolism
2 Main Organ groups
Alimentary Canal & Accessory Digestive Organs
6 continuous coiled hollow tube that belonmgs to Alimentary Canal
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Large and small intestine
Anus
6 Accessory digestive organs
Tongue
Teeth
Salivary glands
Gall bladder
Liver
Pancreas
9 Parts included in Mouth (Oral Cavity) in digestive system
Lips, Cheeks, Hard Palate, Uvula, Vestibule, Oral cavity, Tongue, and Tonsils
Protects the anterior opening
Lips or labia
Forms the anterior roof
Hard Palate
From the lateral walls
Cheeks
From the posterior roof
Soft Palate
Freshly projections of the soft palate
Uvula
Space between lips and externally of gyms internally
Vestibules
Area contained by teeth
Oral Cavity
Attached at hyoid and styloid processes of the skull, and lingual frenulum
Tongue
2 Types of tonsils
Palatine tonsils & Lingual tonsils
3 Salivary Glands
Saliva, Secrete Salivary Amylase, & Parotid glands
3 Processes occuring in the Mougth
(1) Mastication
(2) Mixing with saliva
(3) Swallowing by tongue
(4) Sense of taste
Producing glands
Saliva
Begins the digestion of starches
Secrete Salivary Amylase
Located anterior to ears
Parotid glands
The role is to masticate (chew) food
Teeth
How many teeth are fully formed by age 2 years old?
20
Permanent teeth replace deciduous teeth beginning between what ages?
6 to 12
3 Regions of Tooth
Crown, Neck, & Root
Exposed region part of tooth
Crown
Region in contact with gum and connects crown to root
Neck
Periodontal membrane attached to the bone and carries blood vessels and nerves
Root
3 Kinds of Pharynx
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, & Laryngopharynx
It serves as a passageway for air and food
Pharynx
2 muscle layers of Pharynx
(1) Longitudinal inner layer
(2) Circular outer layer
A pharynx that is not part of digestive system
Nasopharynx
Posterior to oral cavity
Oropharynx
Below the oropharynx and connected to esophagus
Laryngopharynx
A part of the body that runs from pharynx to stomach through diaphragm, conducts food by peristalsis, and passageway for food
Esophagus
5 layes of Alimentary Canal organs
1 Mucosa
2 Moist Membrane
3 Submucosa
4 Muscular Externa
5 Serosa
Innermost layer and secretory and absorption layer
Mucosa
Surface epithelium and small smooth muscle layer small connective tissue
Moist Membrane
Beneath mucosa and a soft connective tissue with blood vessels
Submucosa
Consists of two layers of smooth muscle
Muscular Externa
Then what are the two layers of smooth muscle
Inner circular layer & Outer longitudinal layer
Continuous with mesentery/mesocolon
Serosa
Outermost layer of loose connective tissue is covered by what?
Visceral peritoneum
Producing cells
Layer of serous fluid
An organ that acts as a site of mechanical/chemical breakdown of protein and is located in left side of abdominal cavity
Stomach
Enumerate the 4 regions of stomach
Cardiac region
Fundus
Body
Phylorus
Internal folds of mucosa
Rugae
7 Stomach Functions (familliarize yourself)
- Acts as a storage tank for food
- Site of food breakdown
- Chemical breakdown of proteins begins
- Delivers chime (processed food) to the intestine
- Secretes gastric juices by gastric glands
- Secretes mucous by mucus glands
- Produces pepsom (breakdown of protein)
Attaches the liver to the lesser curvature
Lesser Omentum
Attaches to the greater curvature to the posterior body wall
Greater Omentum
What intestines absorbs nutrients? Site of nutrition absorption
Small Intestine
What intestine is connected to rectum?
Large Intestine
Produces a sticky alkaline mucus
Mucous neck cells
Secrete gastric juice
Gastric glands
Produce protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens)
Chief cells
Inactive from which has to be activated by HCI
Pepsinogens
An active protein digesting enzyme
Pepsin
Works on digesting milk protein
Rennin
Fingerlike structures formed by mucosa
Villi
Small projections of the plasma membrane and found on absorptive cells
Microvilli
Folds of small intestine
Circular folds or Plicae circulares
3 Subdivisions of Small Intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
(DJI)
Extends from jejunum to large intestine
ILEUM
Attached to stomach and curves around the head of pancreas which secretes enzymes that breakdowns CHO, proteins, and nucleic acids
DUODENUM
Attaches interiorly to duodenum
JEJUNUM
What do you call to the major means of moving food?
Peristalsis
It frames the internal abdomen and larger in diameter but shorter in small intestine
Large Intestine
External opening of body
Anus
Saclike first part of the large intestine
Cecum
It occurs three to four times per day where the feces in rectum causes a defecation reflex
Propulsion in Large Intestine
An organ that produces a wide spectrum of digestive enzymes that breakdown all categories of food
Pancreas
Largest gland in the body that detoxifies blood of chemicals and produces bile, located on the right side of the body
Liver
It is produced by liver and acts as an emulsifying agent used to breakdown fat to smaller fat molecules
Bile
An organ which acts as an storage for biles from liver
Gall bladder
Can cause blockages
Gallstones
Substance used by the body for growth, maintenance, and repair
Nutrition
Saturated fats from animal products
Lipids
Contains all essential amino acids
Proteins
Used as cofactors and act with enzymes which is found in all major food groups
Vitamins
Plays many roles in the body
Minerals
A chemical reaction necessary to maintain life
Metabolism
Substances are broken down to simplier substances
Catabolism
Larger molecules are built from smaller ones
Anabolism
What is the major breakdown product and fuel to make ATP?
Glucose (blood sugar)
Energizes a glucose molecule in order for it to split in two pyruvic acid and molecules yield in ATP
Glycolysis
A cycle that produces all carbon dioxide and water resulting from cell respiration
Krebs Cycle
