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HUMAN ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY > FINALS01: LABORATORY > Flashcards

FINALS01: LABORATORY Flashcards

1
Q

Eliminates non-solid wastes from the body

A

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

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2
Q

4 organs of Excretory System

A

Kidney, Ureters, Urinary bladder, and Urethra

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3
Q

Are fist-sized and bean-shaped structures that filters blood to remove waste from the body

A

Kidney

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4
Q

Tubes that carry urine from pelvis of the kidney to urinary bladder

A

Ureters

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5
Q

Temporarily stores urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body

A

Urinary bladder

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6
Q

Tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

A

Urethra

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7
Q

Two layers of kidney

A

Medulla & Cortex

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7
Q

What are the filtering units

A

Nephrons

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8
Q

How many percent of blood is present in kidney

A

20%

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9
Q

3 Excretions of kidneys

A

Urea, Uric acid, & Creatinine

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10
Q

Waste product of muscle action

A

Creatinine

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10
Q

Nitrogenous waste produced in the liver from breakdown of protein

A

Urea

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11
Q

Usually produced from the breakdown of DNA or RNA

A

Uric acid

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12
Q

3 Functions of Kidneys in maintaining Homeostasis

A

(1) Removes waste from blood
(2) Helps to maintain electrolytes, pH, and fluid balance
(3) Releases key hormones

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13
Q

These are the filtering units in the kidneys, also clean and rebalance blood to produce urine

A

Neuphrons

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14
Q

Enumerate 3 Processes in cleaning the blood

A

Filtration, Reabsorption, & Excretion

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15
Q

What kind of process does water, electrolytes, amino acids, glucose, urea, and other small molecules diffuses out of the blood that creates filter?

A

FILTRATION

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16
Q

What kind of process enters the rest of tubule and reabsorbed to blood?

A

REABSORPTION

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17
Q

What kind of process where the remaining urine flows into a collecting duct that leads to the ureter?

A

EXCRETION

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18
Q

Recipient and donor tissue must match and drugs prevent tissue rejection

A

KIDNEY TRANSPLANT

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19
Q

Enumerate the 3 Disorders of Excretory System

A

UTI, Kidney Infections, & Kidney stones

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20
Q

What does UTI means?

A

Urinary Tract Infections

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21
Q

A type of disorders that includes painful urination burning sensations and has bloody or brown urine

A

Urinary Tract Infections or “UTI”

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22
Q

What do you call a bladder that has become affected by UTI?

A

Cystitis

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23
Q

What do you call if urethra is infected?

A

Urethritis

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24
Q

2 most common crystals are?

A

Calcium oxalates & Uric acid

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24
Q

Network of capillaries

A

Glomerus

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25
Q

A type of disorders when an infection reaches kidneys and becomes known as “pyelonephritis”, and its common cause is an infection anywhere in the body

A

Kidney Infections

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26
Q

A type of disorder where crystals from the minerals formed in urine that can be found in kidney, ureter, or bladder. Its symptoms includes severe back or abdomen pain

A

Kidney Stones

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27
Q

Encases the glomerus

A

Browman’s capsule

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27
Q

A network of organs that helps in digesting and absorb nutrition from food

A

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

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28
Q

5 Functions of Digestive System

A

Ingestion
(2) Digestion
(3) Absorption of nutrients into blood
(4) Metabolism
(5) Elimination

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29
Q

Production of ATP in Digestive System

A

Metabolism

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30
Q

2 Main Organ groups

A

Alimentary Canal & Accessory Digestive Organs

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31
Q

6 continuous coiled hollow tube that belonmgs to Alimentary Canal

A

Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Large and small intestine
Anus

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32
Q

6 Accessory digestive organs

A

Tongue
Teeth
Salivary glands
Gall bladder
Liver
Pancreas

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33
Q

9 Parts included in Mouth (Oral Cavity) in digestive system

A

Lips, Cheeks, Hard Palate, Uvula, Vestibule, Oral cavity, Tongue, and Tonsils

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34
Q

Protects the anterior opening

A

Lips or labia

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35
Q

Forms the anterior roof

A

Hard Palate

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36
Q

From the lateral walls

A

Cheeks

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37
Q

From the posterior roof

A

Soft Palate

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38
Q

Freshly projections of the soft palate

A

Uvula

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39
Q

Space between lips and externally of gyms internally

A

Vestibules

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40
Q

Area contained by teeth

A

Oral Cavity

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41
Q

Attached at hyoid and styloid processes of the skull, and lingual frenulum

A

Tongue

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42
Q

2 Types of tonsils

A

Palatine tonsils & Lingual tonsils

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43
Q

3 Salivary Glands

A

Saliva, Secrete Salivary Amylase, & Parotid glands

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44
Q

3 Processes occuring in the Mougth

A

(1) Mastication
(2) Mixing with saliva
(3) Swallowing by tongue
(4) Sense of taste

45
Q

Producing glands

A

Saliva

46
Q

Begins the digestion of starches

A

Secrete Salivary Amylase

47
Q

Located anterior to ears

A

Parotid glands

48
Q

The role is to masticate (chew) food

A

Teeth

49
Q

How many teeth are fully formed by age 2 years old?

A

20

50
Q

Permanent teeth replace deciduous teeth beginning between what ages?

A

6 to 12

51
Q

3 Regions of Tooth

A

Crown, Neck, & Root

52
Q

Exposed region part of tooth

A

Crown

53
Q

Region in contact with gum and connects crown to root

A

Neck

54
Q

Periodontal membrane attached to the bone and carries blood vessels and nerves

A

Root

55
Q
A
56
Q

3 Kinds of Pharynx

A

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, & Laryngopharynx

57
Q

It serves as a passageway for air and food

A

Pharynx

58
Q

2 muscle layers of Pharynx

A

(1) Longitudinal inner layer
(2) Circular outer layer

59
Q

A pharynx that is not part of digestive system

A

Nasopharynx

60
Q

Posterior to oral cavity

A

Oropharynx

61
Q

Below the oropharynx and connected to esophagus

A

Laryngopharynx

62
Q

A part of the body that runs from pharynx to stomach through diaphragm, conducts food by peristalsis, and passageway for food

A

Esophagus

63
Q

5 layes of Alimentary Canal organs

A

1 Mucosa
2 Moist Membrane
3 Submucosa
4 Muscular Externa
5 Serosa

64
Q

Innermost layer and secretory and absorption layer

A

Mucosa

65
Q

Surface epithelium and small smooth muscle layer small connective tissue

A

Moist Membrane

66
Q

Beneath mucosa and a soft connective tissue with blood vessels

A

Submucosa

67
Q

Consists of two layers of smooth muscle

A

Muscular Externa

68
Q

Then what are the two layers of smooth muscle

A

Inner circular layer & Outer longitudinal layer

69
Q

Continuous with mesentery/mesocolon

A

Serosa

70
Q

Outermost layer of loose connective tissue is covered by what?

A

Visceral peritoneum

71
Q

Producing cells

A

Layer of serous fluid

72
Q

An organ that acts as a site of mechanical/chemical breakdown of protein and is located in left side of abdominal cavity

A

Stomach

73
Q

Enumerate the 4 regions of stomach

A

Cardiac region
Fundus
Body
Phylorus

74
Q

Internal folds of mucosa

A

Rugae

75
Q

7 Stomach Functions (familliarize yourself)

A
  • Acts as a storage tank for food
  • Site of food breakdown
  • Chemical breakdown of proteins begins
  • Delivers chime (processed food) to the intestine
  • Secretes gastric juices by gastric glands
  • Secretes mucous by mucus glands
  • Produces pepsom (breakdown of protein)
76
Q

Attaches the liver to the lesser curvature

A

Lesser Omentum

77
Q

Attaches to the greater curvature to the posterior body wall

A

Greater Omentum

78
Q

What intestines absorbs nutrients? Site of nutrition absorption

A

Small Intestine

79
Q

What intestine is connected to rectum?

A

Large Intestine

80
Q

Produces a sticky alkaline mucus

A

Mucous neck cells

81
Q

Secrete gastric juice

A

Gastric glands

82
Q

Produce protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens)

A

Chief cells

83
Q

Inactive from which has to be activated by HCI

A

Pepsinogens

84
Q

An active protein digesting enzyme

A

Pepsin

85
Q

Works on digesting milk protein

A

Rennin

86
Q

Fingerlike structures formed by mucosa

A

Villi

87
Q

Small projections of the plasma membrane and found on absorptive cells

A

Microvilli

88
Q

Folds of small intestine

A

Circular folds or Plicae circulares

89
Q

3 Subdivisions of Small Intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

(DJI)

90
Q

Extends from jejunum to large intestine

A

ILEUM

90
Q

Attached to stomach and curves around the head of pancreas which secretes enzymes that breakdowns CHO, proteins, and nucleic acids

A

DUODENUM

91
Q

Attaches interiorly to duodenum

A

JEJUNUM

92
Q

What do you call to the major means of moving food?

A

Peristalsis

93
Q

It frames the internal abdomen and larger in diameter but shorter in small intestine

A

Large Intestine

94
Q

External opening of body

A

Anus

95
Q

Saclike first part of the large intestine

A

Cecum

96
Q

It occurs three to four times per day where the feces in rectum causes a defecation reflex

A

Propulsion in Large Intestine

97
Q

An organ that produces a wide spectrum of digestive enzymes that breakdown all categories of food

A

Pancreas

98
Q

Largest gland in the body that detoxifies blood of chemicals and produces bile, located on the right side of the body

A

Liver

99
Q

It is produced by liver and acts as an emulsifying agent used to breakdown fat to smaller fat molecules

A

Bile

100
Q

An organ which acts as an storage for biles from liver

A

Gall bladder

101
Q

Can cause blockages

A

Gallstones

102
Q

Substance used by the body for growth, maintenance, and repair

A

Nutrition

103
Q

Saturated fats from animal products

A

Lipids

104
Q

Contains all essential amino acids

A

Proteins

105
Q

Used as cofactors and act with enzymes which is found in all major food groups

A

Vitamins

106
Q

Plays many roles in the body

A

Minerals

107
Q

A chemical reaction necessary to maintain life

A

Metabolism

108
Q

Substances are broken down to simplier substances

A

Catabolism

109
Q

Larger molecules are built from smaller ones

A

Anabolism

110
Q

What is the major breakdown product and fuel to make ATP?

A

Glucose (blood sugar)

111
Q

Energizes a glucose molecule in order for it to split in two pyruvic acid and molecules yield in ATP

A

Glycolysis

112
Q

A cycle that produces all carbon dioxide and water resulting from cell respiration

A

Krebs Cycle

113
Q
A

HUMAN ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (4 decks)

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