FINALS - Topic 1 Flashcards
It is a molecular biology technique which is used for the creation of exact copies or clones of a particular gene or DNA
DNA Cloning
The set of certain rules using which the living cells translate the information encoded within genetic material
Genetic Code
It is the technique used to isolate DNA in a biological sample.
DNA extraction
Enumerate the steps in DNA Cloning
- Cutting and Pasting DNA
- Bacterial Transformation and Selection
- Protein Production
In what year was the discovery of DNA extraction?
1869
Who discovered DNA Extraction?
Friedrich Miescher
The technique of growing cells and tissues in an artificial medium separate from the organism.
Tissue Culture
Enumerate the types of Tissue Culture
- Seed Culture
- Embryo Culture
- Organ Culture
- Protoplast
In this culture, the explants are obtained from an in-vitro derived plant and introduced into a laboratory where they proliferate.
Seed Culture
This involves the in-vitrodevelopment of an embryo. For this, an embryo is isolated from a living organism.
Embryo Culture
In this, any organ of the plant such as shoot, leaf, can be used as an explant.
Organ Culture
Enumerate the types of Organ Culture
- Root Culture
- Shoot Culture
It is a cell without a cell wall. In this type of culture, a number of phases can be observed: development of cell wall, cell division, regeneration of a whole plant.
Protoplast Culture
Enumerate the steps in Tissue culture in order.
- Initiation Phase
- Multiplication Phase
- Root Formation
- Shoot Formation
- Acclimatization
At this stage in tissue culture, the tissue is initiated into the culture. The tissue of interest is obtained, introduced and sterilized to prevent the process from any contamination.
Initiation Phase
In this stage in tissue culture, the sterilized explant is introduced into the medium composed of growth regulators and appropriate nutrients. They are responsible for the multiplication of cells.
Multiplication Phase
An undifferentiated mass of cells is known as a _?
Callus
The roots start forming. Plant growth hormones are added to initiate the root formation. Consequently, we obtain a complete plantlets.
Root Formation
The plant growth hormones for the formation of shoot are added and the growth is observed for a week
Shoot Formation
When the plant starts developing, it is transferred to the greenhouse to develop under controlled environmental conditions. It is finally transferred to the nurseries to grow under natural environmental conditions.
Acclimatization
It is the production of a cell, cell component, or plant that is genetically identical to the unit or individual from which it was derived.
Plant cloning
It is derived fro the Greek word “klan” meaning a slip or twig
Clone
It is defined as a group of bases that specify an amino acid.
Triplet Code or Codon
No room for punctuation in between which indicates that every codon is adjacent to the previous one without any nucleotides between them.
Commaless code
The code is read sequentially in a group of three and a nucleotide which becomes a part of triplet never becomes part of the next triplet.
Non-overlapping Code
Each triplet is read from 5’ → 3’ direction and the beginning base is 5’ followed by the base in the middle then the last base which is 3’.
Polarity
Every amino acid except tryptophan (UGG) and methionine (AUG) is coded by various codons, i.e, a few codons are synonyms and this aspect is known as the
Degenerate Code
Generally,AUG codonis the initiating or start codon. The polypeptide chain starts either with eukaryotes (methionine) orprokaryotes (N- formylmethionine). On the other hand,UAG, UAAandUGAare called as termination codons or stop codons.
Start and Stop Codons
Which property of Genetic Code implies that a specific codon will only code for a particular amino acid. Also, the same genetic code is seen valid for all the organisms.
Non-ambiguous and Universal
A few exceptions have been discovered and most of these include assigning one or two of the STOP codons to an amino acid.
Exceptions to the Code
Enumerate the Properties of the Genetic Code
- Triplet Code or Codon
- Commaless code
- Non-overlapping Code
- Polarity
- Degenerate Code
- Start and Stop Codons
- Non-ambiguous and Universal
- Exceptions to the code
It is commonly used to insert the genetic material into the cells by the particles coated into small DNA sequences.
Gene Gun
A gene gun method can also be called as?
Biolistic method
