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ANTH 102 > Finals Study Guide Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Finals Study Guide Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Morphological Features of Modern Homo sapiens

A
  • Fossil AND genetic information
  • We evolved in Africa between 200 k to 100 kya
  • Spread throughout Africa
  • And eventually the entire globe
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2
Q

What did modern Homo sapiens look like

A 
• Large, round skull with high forehead 
• Small face and teeth 
• Protruding chin 
• Less robust postcranial skeleton 
• Long limbs*
*long limbs may have been an adaptation to disperse body heat in equatorial Africa
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3
Q

Homo sapiens vs. Neanderthals

A
  • -Neanderthals
  • Large, projecting midface
  • Rather large nose
  • Strong brow ridge
  • Lack of chin
  • Oblong, receding forehead
  • Occipital projection (bun)
  • -Homo sapiens
  • Smaller, flatter faces
  • Smaller nose
  • Less defined brow ridge
  • Well-developed chin
  • Round braincase with a high forehead
  • Rounded occipital
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4
Q

The only species that has a chin

A

Homo sapiens

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5
Q

Origin and Spread of Modern Humans:

A

Genetic evidence
• Small population left Africa around ~60,000 years ago
• Populated Australia and the Americas for the first time
• Interbred with Neanderthals and Denisovans

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6
Q

How do we know about the origin and spread of modern human genetics

A
  • Y chromosome (present in the male genome)
  • mtDNA (inherited from the mother)
    * Able to trace the genetic history of the material lineage
  • People with European and Asian ancestry have a small amount of Neanderthal in them
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7
Q

Genetic histories of origin and spread of modern humans

A

Trace histories to a single man and single woman
• “Mitochondrial Eve”
-• Mother of our mitochondrial DNA
• “Y chromosome Adam”
• Different genes have different histories
• Mutations accumulate over time: gene trees
• Help us map out where Homo sapiens migrated

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8
Q

Nuclear DNA is inherited from

A

All ancestors

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9
Q

Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from

A

A single lineage

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10
Q

Origin and Spread of Modern Humans: Genetics (Distribution)

A

• Homo sapiens evolved in eastern Africa (genotype L1)
• Next 90 to 70 kya, our species spread throughout Africa and
diversified, with mtDNA L2 and L2 evolving
• Around 60 kya, a subset of humans (lineage M and N)migrated out of Africa
• Lineages M and N spread into western Europe and then Asia
• Populations in northeast Asia migrated over the Bering Straight and into the America*
• Different mtDNA forms – or haplotypes – evolved in European and Asian populations

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11
Q

Despite differences in culture and appearances, humans are

A

genetically almost identical

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12
Q

There is DNA evidence that

A

Denisovans interbred with humans …. very little of this occurs in Eurasia.

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13
Q

Scientists also found that modern humans living outside of Africa

A

Share DNA sequences with Neanderthals

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14
Q

How do we explain the little genetic variation?

A

• The pattern of genetic variation can tell us about human migration
Majority of variation is seen within people from Africa
• Homo sapiens evolved and diversified in Africa before a small subset of humans migrated out of Africa (~60 kya)

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15
Q

As one moves farther geographically from Africa –

A

– the origin of Homo sapiens – the genetic variation decreases.
• This works for phenotypes as well as genotypes.

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16
Q

Measurements on human skulls indicate

A

more variation in Africa and less and less as one moves farther away from Africa.

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17
Q

when do we migrate?

A

Population size helps us determine when.
The Human Genome Diversity Project uses population size models to better under stand human migration out of Africa.
-65 kya, Homo sapiens expanded into the Middle East
~50 to 40 kya, the rest of Eurasia and Australia was inhabited

18
Q

why were there (at least) two migrations?

A
  • Earth was cooler and drier
  • Sea levels were low
  • Humans could migrate to areas that would later be islands
  • Warming of the Earth soon after (by 50 kya) allowed humans to colonize higher latitudes
19
Q

Oldest homo sapien

A

Location- Omo Kibish, Ethiopia

Age- 190 kya

20
Q

Homo ergaster and Homo heidelbergensis

A

were making and using Acheulean hand axes
• Mode 2 tools remained the same through time and across
space

21
Q

• Homo sapiens are different!

A

We make a wide variety of tool types and use them to access resources in a wide range of environments
We also make objects that serve no obvious utility.
• I.e., figurines, paintings, and jewelry
• LANGUAGE! We can pass on knowledge rapidly!

22
Q

Middle Stone Age (MSA)

A

• 250 kya to 40 kya
• Mostly Mode 3 tools (Mousterian Industry)
• Some Mode 4 tools (such as blades) and even Mode 5 tools (microliths) are found at MSA sites
• Industry similar to Mousterian culture that is associated with
Neanderthals
• Technology much more advanced
• Evidence for high densities of humans networking over large
distances
• Social organization
• Ritualistic behavior, symbolic expression

23
Q

Humans use

A

Mode 4 and Mode 5 tools

24
Q

Mode 4 is used for

A

Hunting

25
Q

Mode 5 tools are used for

A

Specific details

26
Q

Upper Paleolithic Tech. & Culture: Features

A
  • Big-game hunters
  • Mammoths, reindeer, horses, bison, and wooly rhinoceroses
  • Diverse vegetation
  • Shelters
  • Clothes
27
Q

Upper Paleolithic Homo sapiens inhabited areas where

A

Neanderthals lived

28
Q

Upper Paleolithic Humans vs. Neanderthals

A
  1. Humans had a higher population density in Europe than Neanderthals did
  2. Humans lived longer than Neanderthals
    • Longer life histories
  3. Humans have less evidence of disease and trauma than the bones of Neanderthals
29
Q

Upper Paleolithic Symbolic Behavior

A
  • Like Neanderthals, Upper Paleolithic humans buried their dead
  • Unlike most Neanderthal sites, grave goods accompany many of the burials
  • Suggests some concept of an afterlife
  • Small figurines have also been found at sites as old as 30 kya
  • In many cave sites in France and Spain, wall paintings are found
30
Q

Gene trees

A

A phylogenetic tree tracing the pattern of descent for a particular gene.

31
Q

Mitochondria

A

-a cellular organelle that is involved in basic energy processing

32
Q

Mitochondrial DNA mDNA

A
  • DNA in the mitochondria that is particularly useful for evolutionary analyses, for two reasons:
    (1) mitochondria are inherited only from the mother, and thus there is no recombination, and
    (2) mtDNA accumulates mutations at relatively high rates, thus serving as a more accurate molecular clock for changes in the last few million years.
33
Q

The most recent common ancestors TMRCA

A

-the most immediate ancestor of individuals belonging to 2 different species or lineages.

34
Q

Middle Stone Age MSA

A

-The stone tool industries of sub- Saharan Africa and southern and eastern Asia that existed 250 to 40 kya. The MSA is the counterpart of the Middle Paleolithic (Mousterian) in Europe. The MSA industries varied, but flake tools were manufactured in all of them.

35
Q

Blades

A

-A stone tool, made from a flake, that is at least twice as long as it is wide. Blades dominate the tool traditions of the Upper Paleolithic.

36
Q

Mode 4

A

-category of stone tools in which blades are common. Mode 4 tools are found in some Middle Stone Age industries in Africa, and they predominate in the Upper Paleolithic industries of Europe.

37
Q

Pressure flaking

A

-a method for finishing stone tools. The tool makers presses the edge of the tool with a sharp item, such as a piece of bone or antler, to remove small flakes.

38
Q

Microliths

A

-A very small stone flake. Typical of African Later Stone Age industries, microliths were probably hafted onto wood handles to make spears and axes

39
Q

Mode 5

A

-A category of stone tools in which microliths are common. The African Later Stone Age industries are typified by Mode 5 tools.

40
Q

Upper a Paleolithic

A

-The period from about 45 kya to about 10 kya in Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia. The tool kits from this period are dominated by blades.

ANTH 102 (17 decks)

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