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RadioBiology > Finals Material > Flashcards

Finals Material Flashcards

1
Q

What do carbohydrate do

A

Provide energy and structure

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2
Q

What are the component of proteins and its function

A

They’re made up of amino acids and is made of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures

They provide structure and function

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3
Q

DNA and RNA is made up of _______ and they contain _______ that tells cells how to divide and operate

A

Made up of NUCLEOTIDES

Contain GENETIC INFO

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4
Q

DNA is ______ strand while RNA is ______ strand

A

DNA is double strand

RNA is single strand

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5
Q

Lipids provide ____ and _________

A

Provide energy and cell membrane

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6
Q

What is the function of ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

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7
Q

What is the function of the lysosomes

A

Contains enzymes capable of destroying the cell

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8
Q

What is the function of the Golgi

A

Concentration and segregation of products for secretion

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9
Q

When the cell divides (mitosis), it forms _______

A

Chromosomes

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10
Q

DNA doubles during which cell phase

A

DNA Doubles in S-Phase

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11
Q

Put the interphase phase in the correct order

A

G0
G1
S
G2

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12
Q

What are the phases in mitosis

A

(PMAT)

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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13
Q

Organelles replicate in which phase

A

G2

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14
Q

Cells cease division in which phase

A

G1

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15
Q

The _______ phase transition is the most radiosensitive

A

G2/M transition

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16
Q

What happen in G0 phase

A

This phase is postulated for cells that usually do not divide but are capable of being recruited into the cell cycle and division if needed

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17
Q

In metaphase the chromatids are ______

A

Metaphase, the chromatid are aligned on the equatorial plate in the center

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18
Q

In prophase, the chromatids are ______

A

Filamentous and visible

Just looks like a very stringy blob

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19
Q

During anaphase, the chromatids ________

A

They pull and migrate to opposite poles of the cells

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20
Q

During telophase, the chromatids ______

A

Are separated and has 2 separate membrane

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21
Q

DNA replicate during ________

A

Interphase

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22
Q

The acute effects of radiation are due to a reduction of _____ cells

A

Parenchyma cells

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23
Q

Dq is …..

A

The capability of the cell to repair it self

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24
Q

Apoptosis is a characteristic of _______

A

Interphase death

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25
Q

The interaction of an incident photon and a tightly bound inner shell electron which ejects an electron only to have the shell filled by an outer shell electron or an electron outside an atom is know as _______

A

The photoelectric process (or characteristic radiation)

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26
Q

Theoretically, the portion of the cell that is the target of radiation is the _______

A

The nucleus because it contains the DNA

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27
Q

During this phase of mitosis, chromatin becomes filamentous and visible

A

Prophase

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28
Q

The lease common DNA lesion resulting from Low LET radiation damage is ______

A

Double strand break

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29
Q

The law of Tribondeau and Bergonie states that:

A

Actively dividing cells are radiosensitive
Undifferentiated cells are radiosensitive
Cells with long mitotic (long diving) future are radiosensitive

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30
Q

The rungs of the ladderlike DNA molecule which connect the 2 sides of the double helix are composed of

A

Nitrogenous bases

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31
Q

Mitotic delay and mitotic overshoot are characteristic of ____

A

Division delay

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32
Q

What are the 3 fates for cells after irradiation

A

Division delay
Interphase death
Reproductive failure

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33
Q

What damage needs to occur at the level of DNA for chromosomal damage to occur

A

Double strand break

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34
Q

Direct damage causes _____ break which will result in more permanent DNA damage

A

Double strand break

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35
Q

What are the ways DNA can be damage

A

SBS
Dsb
Interstrand cross link
Dimmer formation

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36
Q

T/f

SBS causes cellular death

A

False.

Dsb causes cellular death

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37
Q

What the main the of DNA damage (strand break) we like to see in terms of therapeutic radiation

A

Double strand break

38
Q

A __________ is the visible state of genetic material during a phase of the division of the cell (METAPHASE)

A

Chromosome

39
Q

The sticky ends of the chromosome is repaired by ______.

A

Repair proteins

40
Q

What are the 3lethal chromosomal aberrations

A

Dicentric
Bridge
Ring/ loop formation

41
Q

If there’s 2 chromosome and there’s 1 dsb on each, what can that result in

A

A lethal dicentric and an acentric
OR
2 NON-lethal translocation

42
Q

What are the 3 fates/ processes of irradiated cell

A

Division delay
Interphase death
Reproductive failure

43
Q

During division delay, cells are delayed from ________

A

Entering mitosis

44
Q

Since division delay is dose dependent, how can you over come division delay

A

Can overcome division delay by increasing the dose

45
Q

Interphase death is also known as ….

A

Non-mitotic death

46
Q

What happens in interphase death

A

Cell death occur before entering into mitosis and is characterised by apoptosis

47
Q

T/f

Reproductive failure is an immediate death

A

False

Reproductive failure is NOT immediate cell death because due to its inability to repeatedly undergo division, eventually, the daughter cells will have inadequate info and will undergo cell death

48
Q

What is Dq

A

It is the quasi threshold aka the shoulder

It indicates the cells ability to repair damage

49
Q

Dq is dependent on…

A

Type of radiation (direct or indirect), cell type and the condition of the cell

50
Q

The larger the shoulder, the larger the Dq, so ______(more/less) radiation is required to obtain equivalent amount of cell death

A

The more radiation is required
(X-rays have larger a shoulder than alpha particles. So you need a lot of X-rays to cause cell death whereas alpha particles have NO shoulder so cell death is inevitable)

51
Q

What is D0…

A

It is 1/slope

It’s the dose required to reduce the fraction of cells surviving to 37 percent.

52
Q

What is D10…. And how do you calculate it

A

The dose required to reduce cell survival to 10 percent

D10 = (2.3)(D0)

53
Q

What are the 2 distinct terms for DNA damage

A

SLD and PLD

54
Q

SLD can be ______ and is measure by ______

A

Can be repaired and is measure by the Dq (ability to repair damage)

55
Q

PLD are potentially lethal damage and can be repaired, especially under sub-optimal growth conditions. What are some suboptimal conditions

A

Hypoxia

Inadequate nutrients

56
Q

The sub-optimal conditions will cause cells to _____

A

STOP cycling. So with the cease in cycling, the are given time to repairs these lethal damages

57
Q

How is plating efficiency calculated

A

(Number of cells plated) x (percent of them that grew)

58
Q

Densely ionizing worlds through ________ action/damage

A

DIRECT

59
Q

Sparsely ionizing works through _______ action/damage

A

INDIRECT

60
Q

Radiosensitizer and radio protectors only work for _______

A

Sparsely ionizing

61
Q

Radiosensitizer added to sparsely will make the survival curve move to the ______

A

Left

62
Q

Rdaioprotector added to sparsely will make the survival curve move to the ______

A

Right

63
Q

As D0 decreases, cells become more _____

A

Sensitive

64
Q

As D0 increase, cells become more ______

A

Resistant

65
Q

What is the impact of apoptosis on the cell survival curve

A

When apoptosis is ocurring, the cells are more sensitive and curve much steeper, much deeper thus D0 decreases and more sensitive to radiation.

66
Q

The 4 R’s is based on ______

A

Fractionation

67
Q

What are the 4 R’s

A

Repair (deals with normal tissues)

Redistribution
Reoxygenation
Regrowth
*deals with the cancer tumor

68
Q

Fractionation allows for repair of ______

A

Sub lethal damage

69
Q

You never give a single dose in radiation therapy. You fraction because fractionation, you repeat the shoulder. This allows for ________ to repair

A

Normal tissue to repair

**rememeber, tumors don’t repair damage as well as normal tissue because they have lost repair proteins

70
Q

High LET will kill both _____ tissues and _______tissues due to the direct DNA damage

A

High LET kill both normal tissue and Tumor tissue

71
Q

Higher dose are required when we fractionate because each time we fractionate, we repeat ____

A

Dq (the shoulder, the cell ability to repair damage)

72
Q

Fractionated doses increase _____

A

RBE (Relatively Biological Effectiveness)

73
Q

What’s the principle of redistribution of radiobiology

A

Principle of cells moving into different phases of cell cycle between fractions. G2M are most sensitive. If you gave all the radiation at once (single fraction) you kill all G2M leaving G1 and S to regrow. By fractionating, the G1 and S cells will eventually recycle and move into G2 again.

74
Q

notes
In X-rays and therapeutic, we work with photons and electrons that work through indirect action and indirect is greatly dependent on free radicals. With out free radicals, therefore without oxyge, we dismish the amount of dsb DNA

A

True

75
Q

What is the concept of reoxygenation in radiobiology

A

Idea is to max amount of oxygen in order to max radiation effectiveness. O2 makes cells more sensitive to radiation. Fractionation kills oxygenated tumor cells and allow the hypoxia cells to get some air.
**remember: neutrons and alphas make no difference if o2 is present or not.

76
Q

Oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) max is _____

A

3

77
Q

OER decreases as LET ______ (so alphas and neutrons have a small OER)

A

Increases

78
Q

Which of the 4 R’s is the negative side of fractionation.

A

Regrowth.
In between fractions, tumors can regrow. Tumors get angry as you give radiation so as you go through radiation, the tumor adapts and grow faster. This is very common in H+N tumors (aka accelerated regrowth)

79
Q

What is the distance of O2 diffusion at the arterial end of capillary

A

70 micro

80
Q

RBE measure ________

A

Radiation quality

81
Q

Every radiation type is compared to a _____kV xray

A

250 kV xray

*dose at 250 kV of xray test to get same effect

82
Q

max RBE is ____

A

10

83
Q

RBE increases as LET ______ up to max of 100 keV/uM

A

Increases

84
Q

Acute and late “effects” refers to when the damage _____

A

Manifest itself

85
Q

Acute and late “responding” tissues refers to when the damage _____

A

Have occurred

86
Q

Acute effects is caused by depletion of ______ cells and can be ______

A

Parenchyma cells and can be reversed

87
Q

Late/chronic effects is caused by depletion of _________ cells and is _______

A

Stromal cells and is irreversible

88
Q

List acute effects

A

Inflammation
Edema
Hemorrhage
Denudation

89
Q

List chronic effects

A 
Fibrosis 
Atrophy 
Ulceration 
Stenosis 
Obstruction
90
Q

Early responding tissues appear soon after injury and consist of ________________

A

VIM and DIM cells (rapidly diving)

So skin, bone marrow, testes and crypt cells

91
Q

Late responding tissues do NOT express injury for at least 3 months and consist of ________

A

Slowly dividing cell (RPM cells) like Ong, kidney, liver ,CNS

92
Q

Hyper fraction is ….

A

Number of fraction is doubled per day
Time remain same
Total dose is increased

RadioBiology (5 decks)

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