Ch 1: Cell Structure And Cell Division Flashcards
What is the most radiosensitive phase in the cell cycle?
G2/ M
In general, _____ amino acids = ________ nucleotide codes
1:3
These structures contain enzymes responsible for removing waste from a cell
Lysosomes
Mutation in oncoproteins often result in ?
Uncontrolled proliferation of cells
What happens in G0?
Cells enter this state during stressful periods such as low nutrients or inadequate temperature
What happens in G1?
Cells receive the signal to divide
What happens in S-phase?
DNA is replicated
What happens in G2?
Organelles are replicated
T/F
If DNA coding is not disrupted then cell mutation will not occur
False
C-G bond require _________(more/less/same) energy to break than T-A bonds.
More
What are the four bases that make up the backbone of a DNA double helix?
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
The majority of organic compounds within a cell are?
Proteins
Radiation therapy targets the ______ of the cell
Nucleus
Amino acids are the building blocks of?
Proteins
T/F
Healthy cells are theoretically more sensitive to radiation than tumor cell
False
In the case of breast cancer, the HER2/neu receptor mutation….
Leaves the receptor always on allowing four growth hormone to tell the cells to constantly divide
________ allows molecules to enter a cell based on size or particular charge.
Transporter channels
_______ provides energy and structure to the cell
Carbohydrates
__________ is made up of amino acids, provide structure and function and made of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures
Proteins
________ is double stranded while ______ is single stranded
DNA is double stranded
RNA is single stranded
T/F
DNA and RNA is made up of nucleotides
True
_______ provided energy and cell membrane
Lipids
What are the 4 organic compounds in the cell and they percent they made up
Protein (15 percent)
Carbohydrates (1 percent)
Nucleic acid (1 percent)
Lipids (2 percent)
Example of proteins in the cell
Enzymes
Insulin
Hemoglobin
Alburrin
Example of carbohydrate in the cell
Starch
Sucrose
Lactose
Example of nucleic acids
DNA
RNA
Examples of lipid
Steroids
Castor oil
Cholesterol
What is the primary function of nucleic acids
Role in protein synthesis
Direct cellular info and transmit genetic info b/w cells and generations
The cell membrane is a lipid ______
Lipid bi-layer
The cell can be divided into 2 major sections:
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
The _______ is the site of all metabolic functions in the cell, including both anabolism and catabolism of organic compounds to provide energy and other requirement for life.
Cytoplasm
The main function of the cell membrane is to:
Monitor all exchange b/w intracellular and extra cellular fluids and it’s function
T/F
The Endoplasmic reticulum is double membrane system that has the capability of remodeling itself in response to changes in the intracellular physiological conditions
True
What are the 2 types of Endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth ER (agranular) Rough ER (granular)
DNA codes for ______.
RNA codes for _______.
Screw up the ______, screw up the ______.
DNA codes for RNA
RNA codes for proteins
Screw up the DNA, screw up the proteins
T/F
Because DNA repair proteins are non functional in tumors, tumors are more sensitive than normal tissue
True
_______ is the powerhouse of the cell, providing energy for cellular function by breaking down nutrients through the process called oxidation
Mitochondria
What are the subunits of DNA
Nitrogenous base
5 carbon sugar
Phosphoric acid
These put together is called a nucleotide. One amino acids has 3 nucleotides
The 4 bases of DNA backbone is divided into 2 categories:
Purines (adenine and guanine)
Pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine)
Purines and pyrimidines can only pair with each other, not with themselves. That means ________ pairs with ________. And _______ pairs with _______.
Adenine pairs with thymine (A-T)
Guanine pairs with cytosine (G-C)
During metaphase, chromosome are lined up in the center and _____ is duplicated
Centromeres is duplicated.
During anaphase, the 2 chromatids repel each other and the spindles _______ poles.
Migrate to opposite side of the poles.
The base of the DNA bonds with another base because of hydrogen bonds. The base then bond with sugar who then bond with a phosphate on the opposite side.
Sugar–base–base–sugar
I I
Phosphate Phosphate
True
T/F
During S-phase,DNA doubles
True
Each human has _____ chromosomes, _____ from mom and ____ from dad.
46 chromosomes.
23 from mom and 23 from dad
First stage of mitosis
Prophase
Stages of mitosis
PMAT
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
