Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 1A > Finals First Semester > Flashcards

Finals First Semester Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Metric base units for distance, volume, weight, time, and temperature

A 
Distance- meters
Volume- liters
Weight- grams
Temperature- Celsius
Time- seconds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What are the metric prefixes?

A

Kilo, hecto, deka, (base), deci, centi, milli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Basic components of a graph

5

A
  • title
  • axes scaled and labeled
  • unit on axes
  • correct placement of variables (independent on x, dependent on y)
  • points plotted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What’s the independent variable?

A

Variable that is intentionally manipulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What’s the dependent variable?

A

Variable that changes in response to independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What’s a hypothesis?

A

Scientific explanation for a set of observations (can be tested)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What’s biology?

A

The study of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What’s homeostasis?

A

Relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What’s a stimulus?

A

Signal to which an organism responds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is it important to control the variables of an experiment?

A

The scientist would be able to test one variable without the results ring affected by the change of another
- accuracy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do you find the magnification of a microscope?

A

Eyepiece x lens= magnification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 8 characteristics of life?

A
  1. Reproduce. 8. Have DNA
  2. Grow and develop
  3. Respond to environment
  4. Homeostasis
  5. Evolve
  6. Use energy
  7. Made of cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are protons?

A

Positively charged subatomic particles in in atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are electrons?

A

Negatively charged subatomic particles in an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are neutrons?

A

Subatomic particles in an atom with no charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are each of the subatomic particles found?

A

Protons and neutrons- in nucleus

Electrons- in electron fields

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What’s an atomic number?

A

Number of protons in an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What’s atomic mass?

A

Mass of an element

Protons+neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Families on the periodic table and their valence electrons

9

A

Alkali metals- 1 Halogens- 7
Alkaline earth metals- 2 Noble Gases- 8
Transition metals- 1 or 2
Boron group- 3
Carbon- 4
Nitrogen- 5. *Helium is a noble gas, but
Oxygen- 6. Only has 2 valence electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why don’t noble gases bond well with other elements?

A

Since their outer layer of electrons is already full, they have no reason to react with other elements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What’s an ionic bond?

A

A bind formed by the transfer of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Properties that make water great

5

A
  • polar
  • adhesion and cohesion
  • stores heat efficiently
  • expands when frozen
  • universal solvent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What’s a covalent bind?

A

Bind formed by sharing of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Steps of the scientific method

6

A
  1. State the Problem
  2. Gather information
  3. Form Hypothesis
  4. Test Hypothesis
  5. Analyze Data
  6. Draw conclusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Attraction of substances to themselves

- cause surface tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What’s adhesion?

A

Attraction between a substance and other substances

- causes capillary action in plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What’s an isotope?

A

An atom of an element with the same number if origins, but different amount of neutrons, resulting in a different atomic mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Characteristics of acids

3

A
  • low pH (below 7)
  • high concentration of hydrogen ions
  • sour, may burn
    Ex: juices
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Characteristics of bases

A
  • high pH (above 7)
  • low concentration of hydrogen ions
  • bitter and slippery
    Ex: soap
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Properties that make carbon unique

2

A
  • cohesion (forms in long chains)

- 4 valence electrons (forms 4 strong covalent bonds(

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Characteristics of lipids

3

A
  • store long term energy
  • made of C, H, and O
  • saturated fats, unsaturated fats, and phospholipids
    Ex: fat, starch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Characteristics of proteins

A
  • build organisms
    -made of C, H, O, N, S
  • made of amino acids
    Ex: biological: enzymes and hormones
    Structural: keratin
    Food: meat and beans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Characteristics of Nucleic acids

A
  • form genes and make protein
  • made of C, N, O, H, and P
  • DNA and RNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What’s pH?

A

The concentration of hydrogen ions in a substance

- the higher concentration there is, the lower pH it has

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What did Robert Hooke discovered?

A

Discovered the first cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What did Schwann do?

A

Discovered animals are made up of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What did Schleiden do?

A

Discovered plants are made of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What’s the difference between a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell?

A

Eukaryotes- have a nucleus
Ex: plants, animals

Prokaryotes- no nucleus
Ex: bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of compound microscopes?

A

Advantage
- any size sample

Disadvantage
- details aren’t as sharp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Function of the nucleus

A

Contains DNA and controls cell functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of electron microscopes

A

Advantage
- sharp detail

Disadvantage
- samples must be extremely thin
- only used on non living cells
(2 types: transmission (2D) and scanning (3D)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Function of the vacuoles

A

Store water and other materials for the cell

-larger in plant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Function of the lysosomes

A

Break down and recycle macromolecules and other unwanted materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Function of the cytoskeleton

A

Maintains cell shape and helps cell move

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Function of the centrioles

A

Organize cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Function of the ribosomes

A

Make proteins

- location where amino acids connect into chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Characteristics of carbohydrates

3

A
  • provide energy
  • made of C, H, and O
  • disaccharides and polysaccharides
    Ex: glucose, sucrose, bread
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Function of the Golgi apparatus

A

Sorts and packages proteins to ship out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Function of the chloroplasts

A

Convert light into usable compounds (plant only)

49
Q

Function of the mitochondria

A

Convert energy in food into usable compounds

50
Q

Function of the cell wall

A

Shapes, supports, and protects the cell

Only NOT in animal cells

51
Q

Function of the cell membrane

A

Controls movement in and out of the cell

52
Q

What organelles are found in animal cells, but not plant cells?

A

Lysosomes and centrioles

53
Q

What organelles are found in plant cells, but not animal cells?

A

Chloroplasts and cell wall

54
Q

What’s passive transport?

A

Movement of materials across a cell membrane without use of energy

55
Q

What’s facilitated diffusion?

A

Type of passive diffusion using protein channels, usually involving larger materials

56
Q

What’s active transport?

A

Movement of materials across a cell membrane using energy

-uses ATP

57
Q

What’s diffusion?

A

Process by which particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.

58
Q

Types of active transport

A

Endocytosis
Exocytosis
-uses ion pumps

59
Q

What’s osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water

60
Q

Function of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Assembles proteins and lipids

61
Q

Why does active transport require energy?

A

The particles move from lower to higher, so it has to go against what it’s supposed do

62
Q

What’s hypertonic mean?

A

Above strength or more concentrated

63
Q

What’s isotonic mean?

A

Same strength, equal concentration

64
Q

What’s hypotonic mean?

A

Below strength or less concentrated

65
Q

What happens when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?

A

Water will move of of the cell to try and even the concentration, causing the cell to shrivel and dry out

66
Q

What are the levels of organization from smallest to largest?

A

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system

67
Q

What happens when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?

A

Water moves into the cell to try and even out the concentration. Cell swells

68
Q

What’s ATP and what’s it do?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

  • energy currency of the cell
  • stores and releases energy
  • used during active transport

Releases energy when a phosphate group is broken

69
Q

Equation for photosynthesis

A

CO2 + H2O + energy ———> O2 + C6H12O6
Carbon + water+ energy = oxygen and glucose
Dioxide

70
Q

What’s required in photosynthesis?

A

Sunlight, water, carbon dioxide

71
Q

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?

A

Photosynthesis produces oxygen,which is used during cellular respiration to produce CO2, which is used during photosynthesis. Continuous cycle

72
Q

Which way do particles always move during diffusion?

A

From higher to lower

73
Q

Products of photosynthesis

A

Oxygen and glucose

74
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

Chloroplasts

75
Q

What three factors is photosynthesis affected by?

A

Temperature, light intensity, water

76
Q

Why are plants green?

A

Chlorophyll, the pigment that collects sunlight, reflect green light instead of collecting it. We see the green because that’s the only light chlorophyll doesn’t collect

77
Q

Pigments used during photosynthesis

A

Chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, carotenoids

78
Q

Photosynthesis occurs in…

A

Only plant cells (along with a few algae)

79
Q

Equation for cellular respiration

A

O2 + C6H12o6———> CO2 + H2O + energy

80
Q

What’s an autotroph?

A

An organism that produces it’s own food

81
Q

What’s photosynthesis?

A

Process by which plants convert solar energy into chemical energy stored in carbohydrates

82
Q

What’s a heterotroph?

A

An organism that eats other organisms for energy

83
Q

Cellular respiration occurs in…

A

All eukaryotic cells

84
Q

Why do large cells divide?

A
  • need a larger surface area to volume ratio
  • too much demand for DNA
  • can’t provide enough for the cell
85
Q

What must all cells do before they divide?

A

Replicate DNA and organelles

Grow

86
Q

Does a cell want a small or large volume? Why?

A

A cell wants a smaller volume so it has less area to provide with nutrients and move materials through

87
Q

Does a cell want a larger or smaller surface area. Why?

A

A cell want a large surface area so it has more area to transport nutrients in through

88
Q

What’s sexual reproduction?

A

The production of non identical offspring from 2 parents

89
Q

Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA

A

Eukaryotic- more than one, strand like, located in the nucleus

Prokaryotic- singular, circular, located throughout the cell

90
Q

What’s asexual reproduction?

A

Production of genetically identical offspring from one parent

91
Q

What are the steps of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

92
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

The “inbetween” phase of the cell cycle
G1- grow
S- replicate DNA and organelles
D2- grow

93
Q

What happens during prophase

A

DNA condenses into chromatid and nuclear membrane dissolves

94
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell and chromosomes line up along the centromere. Spindle fibers attach

95
Q

What happens to volume and surface area when a cell divides?

A

Both decrease, but volume increases and decreases at a much faster rate than surface area

96
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Chromosomes meet at opposite ends of the cell. Each group condenses into chromatid. Nuclear membrane begins to reappear

97
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm pinches in half. Forms two cells with identical sets of DNA

98
Q

What phases are part of mitosis?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

99
Q

Why do plant cells divide differently than animal cells.

A

Since plant cells have a cell wall, so they have to use a cell wall to help with division

100
Q

What are internal regulators?

Example?

A

Proteins that control activities and events inside the cell

Ex: cyclin: stopping cell division if the cells not ready to divide

101
Q

What are external regulators?

Example?

A

Proteins that control activities and events outside the cell

Ex: growth regulators speed up rate of division during healing

102
Q

Ways a cell can die?

A

Accident due to damage or injury

Apoptosis- programmed cell death

103
Q

Common cancer treatment options

A
  • surgery
  • radiation
  • chemotherapy
104
Q

What’s the difference between malignant rumors and benign tumors?

A

Malignant tumors are dangerous. They spread to and invade surrounding healthy tissue, which keeps them from properly functioning.
Benign tumors are harmless. They do not spread.

105
Q

Common causes of cancer

A
  • mutation of genes (p53)
  • bad lifestyle
  • genetics
106
Q

What’s cell differentiation?

A

The process that allows cells become specialized and multicellular organisms to be complex. Without cell differentiation, nothing could grow or change

107
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Identical chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell.

108
Q

What does multipotent mean?

Example?

A

A cell that can turn into MANY types of cells

Ex: adult stem cells

109
Q

What does pluripotent mean?

Example?

A

A cell that can turn into MOST types of cells

Ex: embryonic stem cell

110
Q

Benefits and issues with stem cell research

A

Benefits
- ease pain + repair or reproduce permanently damaged tissue

Issues
- highly controversial subject over the matter of life and death (embryo is destroyed during harvesting)

111
Q

What stores hereditary information that can be used to make proteins?

A

DNA

112
Q

When a cell is grown in a laboratory, what can stop it from dividing?

A

Contact with other cells

113
Q

What does totipotent mean?

Example?

A

A cell that can turn into ANY type of cell

Ex: fertilized egg

114
Q

How does cellular respiration release energy?

A

By breaking down food molecules

115
Q

What does it mean for a particle to be polar?

A

Partial charge on one end and opposite partial charge on other end

116
Q

What macromolecule is a sugar?

A

Carbohydrates

117
Q

What macromolecule are fatty acids?

A

Lipids

118
Q

What macromolecule are amino acids?

A

Proteins

119
Q

What macromolecule are Nucleotides?

A

Nucleic acids

120
Q

What factors affect enzyme functioning?

A

Temperature, shape, and pH

121
Q

What happens when you try to mix a polar solution and a nonpolar solution?

A

They don’t mix. Less dense liquid lays on top

Biology 1A (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions