Chapter 10 Flashcards
Asexual reproduction
Production of genetically identical offspring from one parents
Cell division
Process in which cells divide into two daughter cells
Sexual reproduction
Production of offspring from two parents producing an offspring that is not genetically identical
Reasons a cell divides (4)
- ) larger surface area to volume ratio
- ) replace cells that died
- ) healing
- ) growing
What must a cell do before it divides?
Grow and replicate organelles and DNAs
Does a cell want a large or small surface area? Why?
Large. That way there’s more cell membrane to take in nutrients and food
Does a cell want a large or small volume? Why?
Small. Then it takes less time and less materials to get nutrients to the cell to keep it alive
What’s the formula for surface area?
(L x W) x 6 (if it’s a cube)
What’s the formula for volume?
V= l x w x h
Characteristics of asexual reproduction (2)
1 parent
Offspring is genetically identical
Characteristics of sexual reproduction (2)
2 parents
Offspring is not genetically identical
Chromatin
Complex of DNAs and proteins found in chromosomes
Chromatid
Each DNA strand in duplicated chromosomes
Mitosis
Division of the cell membrane
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm
Centromere
Area where duplicated strands of DNA attach
Centrioles
Organelles that helps with cell division
Spindle fibers
Fibers that extend out from the centrioles to divide the chromatid to each side
Characteristics of DNA in prokaryotes (2)
Singular, circular piece
Found throughout the cell
Characteristics of DNA in eukaryotes (2)
Multiple, strand like
Found in the nucleus
What happens in interphase?
Definition- the “inbetween” phase of the cell cycle
G1- cell grows
S- organelles and DNA are copied
G2- cell grows
What happens in prophase?
DNA condenses into chromatid and nuclear membrane dissolves
What happens during metaphase?
Centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell. Chromosomes line up along the centromere and attach to spindle fibers
What happens during anaphase?
Identical chromosomes separate and move to opposite sides of the cell
What happens during telophase?
Chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell. They condense into two separate masses and cell membrane begins to pinch together
What happens during cytokinesis?
Cytoplasm pinches in half. Each cell has an identical set of duplicated chromosomes
How is the division of plant cells different than the division of animal cells?
Plant cells use a cell plate to divide because their cell wall takes more force to divide
List the stages of the cell cycle in order
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
Cyclin
Protein that regulates the cell cycle
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
Growth factors
External regulators that speed up cell division during healing
Cancer
Unregulated cell growth and division
Tumor
Mass of cancerous cells
Explain the rate of cell division changes as a person gets injured and heals
The rate of cell division speeds up when a persons injured and begins healing. After healing, it slows back down.
What do internal regulators do? Example?
Control events inside the cell
Ex: stopping the cell cycle if the cells not ready for division
What do external regulators? Example?
Controls events outside the cell
Ex: speeds up or slows down rate of division
Ways cell dies (2)
- Apoptosis- programmed cell death
2. Accident due to damage or injury
Ways cancer can be treated (3)
- ) surgery
- ) chemotherapy
- ) radiation
Causes of cancer
Smoking, gene mutation, tanning beds, overexposure to the sun
What’s a malignant tumor?
A tumor that invades and destroys surrounding healthy tissues and cells
What’s a benign tumor?
Tumor that does not spread to surrounding tissues
Differentiation
Process by which cells become specialized
Stem cell
Unspecialized cell from which specialized cell develop
Why is cell differentiation important during development
Cell differentiation allows multicellular organisms to be complex and have specialized cells and functions
Totipotent
Cell that can turn into ANY type of cell
Ex: fertilized egg
Pluripotent
Can turn into MOST types of cells
Ex: embryonic stem cells
Multipotent
Cell that can turn into MANY types of cells
Ex: adult stem cells
Benefits of stem cell research
The damage from heart and nerve problems can be repaired or even reversed
Issues of stem cell research?
Harvesting the cells destroy the embryo (controversial subject of life and death)
What’s the role of chromosomes in cell division?
To make sure each cell gets the correct amount of DNA
What’s importance of a cell copying the it’s DNA before it divides.
To make sure each cell gets the right amount. If it wasn’t right, the cells could either split it and neither have enough or one cell have all the DNA while the other has none
