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Biology 1A > Chapter 3-6 > Flashcards

Chapter 3-6 Flashcards

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0
Q

What’s a species?

A

Group of organisms that breed and produce fertile offspring

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1
Q

What are the levels of organization in ecology? (6)

A

Species, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere

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2
Q

What’s a population?

A

Group of individuals of the same species that live in the same environment

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3
Q

What’s a community?

A

Different populations that live in the same defined area

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4
Q

What’s an ecosystems?

A

All organisms in a place combined with the physical environment

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5
Q

What’s a biome?

A

Group of ecosystems with similar climates and organisms

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6
Q

What’s a biosphere?

A

Consists of all life on Earth

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7
Q

What’s an abiotic factor?

A

Any non living part of the environment

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8
Q

Examples of abiotic factors

A

Air, sunlight, temperature, soil

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9
Q

What’s a biotic factor?

A

Any living part of the environment

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10
Q

Examples of biotic factors

A

Plants and animals

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11
Q

What’s a tropic level?

A

Each step in a food chain

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12
Q

What are the different tropic levels? (5)

A 
Autotroph
First order heterotroph (herbivore)
Second order heterotroph (omnivore)
Third order heterotroph (carnivore)
Decomposers
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13
Q

What’s an autotroph?

A

An organism that uses sunlight to produce food for itself and other organisms

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14
Q

What’s a heterotroph?

A

Organism that must eat other organisms to acquire energy

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15
Q

What’s a food chain?

A

Series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

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16
Q

What’s a food web?

A

Network of feeding interactions

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17
Q

Whats an ecological pyramid and what are the different types?

A

Show relative amount of energy and matter in each tropic level

  • Pyramid of Energy- shows amount of energy transferred
  • Pyramid of Number- shows # of organisms
  • Pyramid of Biomass- shows amount of living tissue
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18
Q

What’s biomass?

A

The total amount of living tissue in each tropic level

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19
Q

What’s a biological process that occurs in the water cycle?

A

Respiration (plants)

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20
Q

What processes does CO2 go through in the carbon cycle?(3)

A

Photosynthesis, combustion, and respiration

21
Q

How is photosynthesis, burning fossil fuels, and deforestation part of the carbon cycle?

A

Photosynthesis- takes CO2 out of the atmosphere
Burning fossil fuels- puts CO2 in the atmosphere
Deforestation- takes away plants, so the CO2 has no where to go

22
Q

What do bacteria in the nitrogen cycle?

A

Soul bacteria convert fixed nitrogen into nitrites and nitrates

23
Q

Why do organisms need nutrients?

A

To survive

- gives organism energy and increases productivity

24
Q

What’s a niche?

A

Range of physical and biological conditions in which an organisms lives and the way the organisms uses those conditions

25
Q

What’s a habitat?

A

Area where an organism lives including the biotic and abiotic factors that affect it

26
Q

What’s competition?

A

Competing for resources
2 types
-intraspecific (same organisms)
-interspecific (different species)

27
Q

How does limited resources Ffect population and competition?

A

If resources are limited, population will be lower and there will be more competition.
If there’s an abundance of resources, the population can grow larger and species won’t have to compete as much

28
Q

How does the predator population affect the prey population?

A

Predators affect the size of prey populations in a community and determine the places prey can live and feed

29
Q

What’s symbiosis?

A

Any relationship in which two species live closely together

30
Q

What are the three types of symbiosis?

A

Parasitism- one organism helped, other harmed
Mutualism- both organisms benefit
Commensalism- one organism helped, other is unaffected

31
Q

What’s ecological succession?

A

A series of predictable changes that occur Ina community over time

32
Q

What’s the difference between primary and secondary succession?i

A

Primary: no soil, needs a pioneer species (ex:glacier movement exposes bare rock)
Secondary: has soil, usually occur when there’s a sever disruption in the community (ex: forest fire)

33
Q

Compare tropical grasslands and tundras (3 each)

A 
TG
-warm temperature, never falling below 60
- 20-50 in of rainfall yearly
-lions,elephants, kangaroos 
T
-freezing weather, avg. of -18 degrees Fahrenheit 
-6-10 in of rainfall yearly
- attic fox, polar bear, caribou
34
Q

What’s demography?

A

The scientific study of human population

35
Q

What’s carrying capacity?

A

Largest number of individuals of a particular species that a particular environment can support

36
Q

What factors affect population? (4)

A

Birth rates
Death rates
Immigration
Emigration

37
Q

What’s demographic transition?

A

Dramatic change from high birth rates and death rates to low birth rates and death rates

38
Q

What’s exponential growth?

A

Continuous growth (J curve)

39
Q

What’s logistic growth?

A

Starts then stops due to carrying capacity and demographic transition (S curve)

40
Q

What’s a limiting factor?

A

Factor that controls the growth of population

41
Q

What are the density dependent limiting factors? (4)

A

Competition
Predation and herbivory
Parasitism and disease
Stress from overcrowding

42
Q

What are density independent limiting factors? (4)

A

Natural disasters
Wildfires
Hurricanes
Heavy rainfall

43
Q

What’s an invasive species?

A

Species introduced to a new habitat (usually by humans) that disrupt the exosystem

44
Q

Why are invasive species threats to biodiversity?

A

Invasive species take over the habitat and use all the resources, driving the native species to extinction

45
Q

Examples of invasive species (2)

A

Rabbits in Australia

Asian Carp in the Illinois River

46
Q

What caused the population rate to rapidly grow?

A

The Industrial Revolution

Better living conditions and medical technology, lower death rates

47
Q

When will the human population reach its peak? What number?

A

2050

9 billion

48
Q

What’s biodiversity?

A

The total of all the genetically based variation in all organisms in the biosphere

49
Q

Why is biodiversity important?

A

It keeps the ecosystem stable and productive

It produces medicine and helps in agriculture

50
Q

What are threats to biodiversity? (5)

A 
Altering habitats 
Pollution
Hunting
Invasive species
Climate change

Biology 1A (11 decks)

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