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Bio Psych > Finals: Drugs > Flashcards

Finals: Drugs Flashcards

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1
Q
  • drugs that influence subjective experience and behavior by acting on the Nervous System,
A

Psychoactive drugs

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2
Q

There are 4 ways drugs can be administered:

A

oral ingestion, injection, inhalation, and absorption through mucous membranes.

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3
Q

Preferred route; drugs dissolve in fluids in stomach > intestines > absorbed into bloodstream; some drugs readily pass through the stomach wall, others need to be broken down into inactive metabolites before they can be absorbed (takes another route).

A

Oral Ingestion

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4
Q

= breakdown products of the body’s chemical reactions
• Advantages: ease and relative safety
• Disadvantages: unpredictable

A

Metabolites

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5
Q

Common in medical practice

A

Injection

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6
Q

into the fatty tissue just beneath the skin (most common)

A

Subcutaneously (SC)

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7
Q

into the large muscles

A

Intramuscularly (IM)

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8
Q

directly into veins; Most drug-addicted persons prefer this route; delivers drugs directly to the brain
• Advantages: strong, fast, and predictable
• Disadvantages: little or no opportunity to counteract the effects of an overdose, an impurity, or an allergic reaction.

A

Intravenously (IV)

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9
Q

through the network of capillaries in the lungs; e.g. anesthetics (tobacco)

A

Inhalation

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10
Q

: aka with nose, mouth, and rectum
• Commonly self-administered (e.g. cocaine is “snorted” (also known as intranasal insufflation)
• By crushing and snorting the pills, they bypass a time-release mechanism and get a more rapid and intense high.

A

Absorption

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11
Q

on neural membranes throughout the CNS (e.g. alcohol)

A

Diffuse

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12
Q

to particular synaptic receptors

A

Bind

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13
Q

the synthesis, transport, release, or deactivation of certain neurotransmitters. the chain of chemical reactions elicited in postsynaptic neurons by activation of their receptors.

A

Influence

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14
Q
  • The conversion of a drug from its active form to a non-active form.
A

Drug metabolism

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15
Q
  • a state of decreased sensitivity to a drug that develops as a result of exposure to it
A

Drug tolerance

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16
Q
  • one drug can produce tolerance to other drugs that act by the same mechanism.
A

Cross tolerance

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17
Q
  • increasing sensitivity to a drug
A

Drug sensitization

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18
Q
  • Tolerance that results from a reduction in the amount of a drug getting to its sites of action.
A

Metabolic tolerance

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19
Q
  • Drug tolerance mat results fram changes that reduce the reactivity of the sites of action to the drug.
A

Functional tolerance

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20
Q
  • can result in several different types of adaptive neural changes: EX&raquo_space; reduce number of receptors
A

Tolerance is largely functional

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21
Q

occurs when use of some substances is reduced or discontinued. In general, withdrawal effects are the opposite of the effects caused by the discontinued drug.

A

withdrawal

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22
Q

longer exposure to greater doses + rapid elimination

A

Greatest Withdrawal Effects

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23
Q
  • habitual drug users who continue to use a drug despite its adverse effects on their health, social life, and despite their repeated efforts to stop using it.
A

Drug-addicted individuals

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24
Q

major psychoactive ingredient of tobacco

A

Nicotine

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25
Q
  • nausea, vomiting, coughing, sweating, abdominal cramps, dizziness, flushing, and diarrhea
A

Nonsmokers

26
Q
  • relaxed, more alert, less hungry
A

Smokers

27
Q

depression, anxiety, restlessness, irritability, constipation, and difficulties in sleeping and concentrating.

A

Withdrawal effects

28
Q
  • The chest pain, labored breathing, wheezing, coughing, and heightened susceptibility to infections of the respiratory tract commonly observed in tobacco smokers.
A

Smoker’s syndrome

29
Q
  • chronic inflammation of the bronchioles of the lungs
A

Bronchitis

30
Q

of loss of elasticity of the lung from chronic irritation

A

Emphysema

31
Q

____ in lungs, larynx, mouth, esophagus, kidneys, stomach

A

Cancer

32
Q

an agent that can disturb the normal development of the fetus&raquo_space; increases likelihood of miscarriage, stillbirth, and early death of a child.

A

Nicotine is teratogen

33
Q
  • cognitive, perceptual, verbal, and motor impairment
A

Moderate doses causes

34
Q

(blood levels at 0.5) > risk of death from respiratory depression.
Withdrawal symptoms: headache, nausea, vomiting, and tremulousness (hangover)

A

High doses

35
Q

neuropsychological disorder characterized by memory loss,
sensory and motor dysfunction, and, in its advanced stages, severe dementia. Can also be (indirectly caused) by inducing thiamine deficiency.

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome

36
Q

major cause of death for most alcohol users. Extensive scarring of the liver.

A

Liver cirrhosis

37
Q
  • Commonly given to the dried flower buds of Cannabis.
A

Marijuana

38
Q

increased state of well-being, carefree state of relaxation, alteration of sensory perceptions, feeling of hunger, subtle changes in thought and expression.

A

LOW DOSES

39
Q

short-term memory is impaired, ability to carry out tasks w/multiple tasks dedines, meaningful conversations are difficult, sensory distortion, paranoia, motor impairment, emotional intensification.

A

HIGH DOSES

40
Q
  • drugs whose primary effed is to produce general increases in neural and behavioral activity; stimulants differ greatly in their potency.
A

Stimulants

41
Q
  • A powerful, addictive dopamine agonist derived from the leaves of the coca plant of South America.
A

Cocaine

42
Q
  • potent, cheap, smokeable form of cocaine; impure residue.
A

Crack

43
Q

well-being, self-confident, alert, energetic, friendly, outgoing, fidgery, and talkative

A

Psychological effects

44
Q

sleeplessness, tremors, nausea, hyperthermia

A

Effects

45
Q

sometimes mistaken for schizophrenia

A

Cocaine psychosis

46
Q
  • Most widely misused stimulants. Some effects are similar to cocaine
    » ex: can produce a syndrome of psychosis called amphetamine psychosis.
A

Amphetamine

47
Q
  • Relative of amphetamine drugs. Smokeable, crystalline form (crystal meth).
A

Methamphetamine

48
Q

Taken orally. Another potent relative of amphetamine.

A

Methylenedioxymethamphelamine (MDMA) aka Ecstasy

49
Q

psychoactive drugs that produce feelings of empathy and benevolence towards others.

A

Ecstasy Is an empathogen

50
Q
  • dried form of sap exuded by the seedpods of the opium poppy; have several psychoactive ingredients; most notable are morphine and codeine (weaker)
A

Opium

51
Q
  • synthesized w/2 acetyl groups added to the morphine molecule. More potent analgesic than morphine. Less likely to induce nausea and vomiting.
A

Heroin

52
Q

wave of intense abdominal, orgasmic pleasure that evolves into a state of serene, drowsy euphoria.

A

Heroin rush

53
Q

a. Factors that facilitate or protect from initial drug taking: i. food restriction, social stress, and environmental stress
b. Behavioral trait predictors - novelty seeking
c. When drugs are viewed as tools or instruments - if it’s useful, they’ll use it.

A
  1. Initial Drug Taking
54
Q
  • addicted individuals report that they are compulsively driven to take their drug by its positive-incentive value (they WANT the drug), although taking the drug is not as pleasurable as it once was (they no longer LIKE the drug).
A

Challenge

55
Q

= anticipated pleasure associated with an action - (“wanting
the drug”)

A

Positive-incentive value

56
Q

= amount of pleasure that is actually experience - (“liking the drug”)

A

Hedonic value

57
Q

addictions develop when drug use sensitizes the neural circuits mediating wanting of the drug.
• c. Nucleus accumbens (where dopamine releases) - associated w/”wanting” and drug.

A

Incentive-sensitization theory

58
Q
  • the inability to refrain from a behavior despite its adverse effects
A

behavioral problems

59
Q
  • a general inability to experience pleasure in resposne to natural
A

Anhedonia

60
Q
  • single exposure to the formally misused drug
A

Drug priming

61
Q
  • people, time, places, or objects
A

Exposure to cues

62
Q
  • the time-dependent increase in cue-induced drug craving and relapse.
A

Incubation of drug craving

Bio Psych (12 decks)

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