Finals: Drugs

Question 1

• drugs that influence subjective experience and behavior by acting on the Nervous System,

Answer 1

Psychoactive drugs

Question 2

There are 4 ways drugs can be administered:

Answer 2

oral ingestion, injection, inhalation, and absorption through mucous membranes.

Question 3

Preferred route; drugs dissolve in fluids in stomach > intestines > absorbed into bloodstream; some drugs readily pass through the stomach wall, others need to be broken down into inactive metabolites before they can be absorbed (takes another route).

Answer 3

Oral Ingestion

Question 4

= breakdown products of the body’s chemical reactions
• Advantages: ease and relative safety
• Disadvantages: unpredictable

Answer 4

Metabolites

Question 5

Common in medical practice

Answer 5

Injection

Question 6

into the fatty tissue just beneath the skin (most common)

Answer 6

Subcutaneously (SC)

Question 7

into the large muscles

Answer 7

Intramuscularly (IM)

Question 8

directly into veins; Most drug-addicted persons prefer this route; delivers drugs directly to the brain
• Advantages: strong, fast, and predictable
• Disadvantages: little or no opportunity to counteract the effects of an overdose, an impurity, or an allergic reaction.

Answer 8

Intravenously (IV)

Question 9

through the network of capillaries in the lungs; e.g. anesthetics (tobacco)

Answer 9

Inhalation

Question 10

: aka with nose, mouth, and rectum
• Commonly self-administered (e.g. cocaine is “snorted” (also known as intranasal insufflation)
• By crushing and snorting the pills, they bypass a time-release mechanism and get a more rapid and intense high.

Answer 10

Absorption

Question 11

on neural membranes throughout the CNS (e.g. alcohol)

Answer 11

Diffuse

Question 12

to particular synaptic receptors

Answer 12

Bind

Question 13

the synthesis, transport, release, or deactivation of certain neurotransmitters. the chain of chemical reactions elicited in postsynaptic neurons by activation of their receptors.

Answer 13

Influence

Question 14

• The conversion of a drug from its active form to a non-active form.

Answer 14

Drug metabolism

Question 15

• a state of decreased sensitivity to a drug that develops as a result of exposure to it

Answer 15

Drug tolerance

Question 16

• one drug can produce tolerance to other drugs that act by the same mechanism.

Answer 16

Cross tolerance

Question 17

• increasing sensitivity to a drug

Answer 17

Drug sensitization

Question 18

• Tolerance that results from a reduction in the amount of a drug getting to its sites of action.

Answer 18

Metabolic tolerance

Question 19

• Drug tolerance mat results fram changes that reduce the reactivity of the sites of action to the drug.

Answer 19

Functional tolerance

Question 20

• can result in several different types of adaptive neural changes: EX&raquo_space; reduce number of receptors

Answer 20

Tolerance is largely functional

Question 21

occurs when use of some substances is reduced or discontinued. In general, withdrawal effects are the opposite of the effects caused by the discontinued drug.

Answer 21

withdrawal

Question 22

longer exposure to greater doses + rapid elimination

Answer 22

Greatest Withdrawal Effects

Question 23

• habitual drug users who continue to use a drug despite its adverse effects on their health, social life, and despite their repeated efforts to stop using it.

Answer 23

Drug-addicted individuals

Question 24

major psychoactive ingredient of tobacco

Answer 24

Nicotine

Question 25

- nausea, vomiting, coughing, sweating, abdominal cramps, dizziness, flushing, and diarrhea

Answer 25

Nonsmokers

Question 26

- relaxed, more alert, less hungry

Answer 26

Smokers

Question 27

depression, anxiety, restlessness, irritability, constipation, and difficulties in sleeping and concentrating.

Answer 27

Withdrawal effects

Question 28

- The chest pain, labored breathing, wheezing, coughing, and heightened susceptibility to infections of the respiratory tract commonly observed in tobacco smokers.

Answer 28

Smoker's syndrome

Question 29

- chronic inflammation of the bronchioles of the lungs

Answer 29

Bronchitis

Question 30

of loss of elasticity of the lung from chronic irritation

Answer 30

Emphysema

Question 31

____ in lungs, larynx, mouth, esophagus, kidneys, stomach

Answer 31

Cancer

Question 32

an agent that can disturb the normal development of the fetus >> increases likelihood of miscarriage, stillbirth, and early death of a child.

Answer 32

Nicotine is teratogen

Question 33

- cognitive, perceptual, verbal, and motor impairment

Answer 33

Moderate doses causes

Question 34

(blood levels at 0.5) > risk of death from respiratory depression. Withdrawal symptoms: headache, nausea, vomiting, and tremulousness (hangover)

Answer 34

High doses

Question 35

neuropsychological disorder characterized by memory loss, sensory and motor dysfunction, and, in its advanced stages, severe dementia. Can also be (indirectly caused) by inducing thiamine deficiency.

Answer 35

Korsakoff's syndrome

Question 36

major cause of death for most alcohol users. Extensive scarring of the liver.

Answer 36

Liver cirrhosis

Question 37

- Commonly given to the dried flower buds of Cannabis.

Answer 37

Marijuana

Question 38

increased state of well-being, carefree state of relaxation, alteration of sensory perceptions, feeling of hunger, subtle changes in thought and expression.

Answer 38

LOW DOSES

Question 39

short-term memory is impaired, ability to carry out tasks w/multiple tasks dedines, meaningful conversations are difficult, sensory distortion, paranoia, motor impairment, emotional intensification.

Answer 39

HIGH DOSES

Question 40

- drugs whose primary effed is to produce general increases in neural and behavioral activity; stimulants differ greatly in their potency.

Answer 40

Stimulants

Question 41

- A powerful, addictive dopamine agonist derived from the leaves of the coca plant of South America.

Answer 41

Cocaine

Question 42

- potent, cheap, smokeable form of cocaine; impure residue.

Answer 42

Crack

Question 43

well-being, self-confident, alert, energetic, friendly, outgoing, fidgery, and talkative

Answer 43

Psychological effects

Question 44

sleeplessness, tremors, nausea, hyperthermia

Answer 44

Effects

Question 45

sometimes mistaken for schizophrenia

Answer 45

Cocaine psychosis

Question 46

- Most widely misused stimulants. Some effects are similar to cocaine >> ex: can produce a syndrome of psychosis called amphetamine psychosis.

Answer 46

Amphetamine

Question 47

- Relative of amphetamine drugs. Smokeable, crystalline form (crystal meth).

Answer 47

Methamphetamine

Question 48

Taken orally. Another potent relative of amphetamine.

Answer 48

Methylenedioxymethamphelamine (MDMA) aka Ecstasy

Question 49

psychoactive drugs that produce feelings of empathy and benevolence towards others.

Answer 49

Ecstasy Is an empathogen

Question 50

- dried form of sap exuded by the seedpods of the opium poppy; have several psychoactive ingredients; most notable are morphine and codeine (weaker)

Answer 50

Opium

Question 51

- synthesized w/2 acetyl groups added to the morphine molecule. More potent analgesic than morphine. Less likely to induce nausea and vomiting.

Answer 51

Heroin

Question 52

wave of intense abdominal, orgasmic pleasure that evolves into a state of serene, drowsy euphoria.

Answer 52

Heroin rush

Question 53

a. Factors that facilitate or protect from initial drug taking: i. food restriction, social stress, and environmental stress b. Behavioral trait predictors - novelty seeking c. When drugs are viewed as tools or instruments - if it's useful, they'll use it.

Answer 53

1. Initial Drug Taking

Question 54

- addicted individuals report that they are compulsively driven to take their drug by its positive-incentive value (they WANT the drug), although taking the drug is not as pleasurable as it once was (they no longer LIKE the drug).

Answer 54

Challenge

Question 55

= anticipated pleasure associated with an action - ("wanting the drug")

Answer 55

Positive-incentive value

Question 56

= amount of pleasure that is actually experience - ("liking the drug")

Answer 56

Hedonic value

Question 57

addictions develop when drug use sensitizes the neural circuits mediating wanting of the drug. • c. Nucleus accumbens (where dopamine releases) - associated w/"wanting" and drug.

Answer 57

Incentive-sensitization theory

Question 58

- the inability to refrain from a behavior despite its adverse effects

Answer 58

behavioral problems

Question 59

- a general inability to experience pleasure in resposne to natural

Answer 59

Anhedonia

Question 60

- single exposure to the formally misused drug

Answer 60

Drug priming

Question 61

- people, time, places, or objects

Answer 61

Exposure to cues

Question 62

- the time-dependent increase in cue-induced drug craving and relapse.

Answer 62

Incubation of drug craving