Anatomy and Evolution of the nervous system

Question 1

A directional term meaning toward the head of a four-legged animal.

Answer 1

rostral / anterior

Question 2

A directional term meaning toward the tail of a four-legged animal.

Answer 2

caudal / posterior

Question 3

A directional term meaning toward the belly of a four-legged animal.

Answer 3

inferior / ventral

Question 4

A directional term meaning toward the back of a four legged animal.

Answer 4

superior / dorsal

Question 5

An imaginary line that runs the length of the spinal cord to the front of the brain.

Answer 5

neuraxis

Question 6

An imaginary line dividing the body into two equal halves.

Answer 6

midline

Question 7

A directional term that means closer to center; usually applied to limbs; opposite of distal.

Answer 7

proximal

Question 8

A directional term meaning farther away from another structure, usually in reference to limbs.

Answer 8

distal

Question 9

The layers of membranes that cover the central nervous system and the peripheral nerves.

Answer 9

meninges

Question 10

3 layers of meninges

Answer 10

1. dura mater
2. arachnoid layer
3. pia mater

Question 11

The outermost of the three layers of meninges, found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Answer 11

dura mater

Question 12

The middle layer of the meninges covering the central nervous system.

Answer 12

arachnoid layer

Question 13

The innermost of the layers of meninges, found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Answer 13

pia mater

Question 14

is secreted within hollow spaces in the brain known as ventricles.

Answer 14

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 15

One of the two major blood vessels that travel up the sides of the neck to supply the brain.

Answer 15

Carotid artery

Question 16

One of the important blood vessels that enter the brain from the back of the skull.

Answer 16

Vertebral artery

Question 17

A long cylinder of nervous tissue extending from the medulla to the first lumbar vertebra.

Answer 17

spinal cord

Question 18

The bones of the spinal column that protect and enclose the spinal cord.

Answer 18

vertebral column

Question 19

it is made up of nerve fibers known as axons, the parts of neurons that carry signals to other neurons. The tissue looks white due to a fatty material known as myelin, which covers most human axons.

Answer 19

White matter

Question 20

it consists of areas primarily made up of cell bodies . The tissue appears gray because the cell bodies absorb some of the chemicals used to preserve the tissue, which stains them gray.

Answer 20

Gray matter

Question 21

that your doctor checks by tapping your knee, is an example of one type of spinal reflex.

Answer 21

knee jerk, or patellar reflex,

Question 22

If you touch something hot or step on something sharp, your spinal cord produces a ______.

Answer 22

withdrawal reflex

Question 23

The most caudal division of the brain, including the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.

Answer 23

hindbrain

Question 24

The most caudal part of the hindbrain.

Answer 24

Myelencephalon (Medulla)

Question 25

It means “bridge” in Latin, and one of its roles of the is to form connections between the medulla and higher brain centers as well as with the cerebellum.

Answer 25

Pons

Question 26

it actually means “little brain” in Latin.
Contains more nerve cells (neurons) than the rest of the brain combined.

Answer 26

Cerebellum

Question 27

Gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain that is believed to play a role in the sensation of pain.

Answer 27

periaqueductal gray

Question 28

The small channel running along the midline of the midbrain that connects the third and fourth ventricles.

Answer 28

cerebral aqueduct

Question 29

motor control

Answer 29

Ref nucleus and substantia nigra

Question 30

motor control

Answer 30

Ref nucleus and substantia nigra

Question 31

Vision

Answer 31

Superior colliculi

Question 32

Audition

Answer 32

Inferior colliculi

Question 33

• thalamus and hypothalamus

Answer 33

Diencephalon

Question 34

• bulk of the symmetrical left and right cerebral hemispheres

Answer 34

Telencephalon

Question 35

A structure in the diencephalon that processes sensory information, contributes to states of arousal, and participates in learning and memory.

Answer 35

thalamus (THAL-uh-mus)

Question 36

A structure found in the diencephalon that participates in the regulation of hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and aggression.

Answer 36

hypothalamus (hie-po-THALuh- mus)

Question 37

A gland located just above the roof of the mouth that is connected to the hypothalamus and serves as a major source of hormones.

Answer 37

pituitary gland

Question 38

A collection of nuclei within the cerebral hemispheres that participate in the control of movement

Answer 38

basal ganglia

Question 39

• The outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres is known as the cortex, from the Latin word for “bark.”
• Like the bark of a tree, the cerebral cortex is a thin layer of gray matter that varies from 1.5 mm to 4 mm in thickness in different parts of the brain.

Answer 39

The Cortex

Question 40

hills of the cortex

Answer 40

Gyrus / Gyri (JIE-rus/JIE-ree)

Question 41

valleys of the cortex

Answer 41

Sulcus/Sulci (SULL-kuss/SULL-sie)

Question 42

Twelve pairs of nerves that exit the
brain as part of the peripheral nervous system.

Answer 42

Cranial Nerves

Question 43

Each____ is also known as a mixed nerve, because it contains a sensory, or afferent, nerve (a means toward the CNS in this case, as in access) and a motor, or efferent, nerve (e means away from the CNS, as in exit).

Answer 43

spinal nerve

Question 44

A set of techniques that enable people to control typically unconscious or involuntary functions such as blood pressure.

Answer 44

biofeedback

Question 45

• The division of the autonomic nervous system that coordinates arousal. Fight-or-flight

Answer 45

Sympathetic

Question 46

The division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for rest and energy storage. The job of the parasympathetic nervous system is to provide rest, repair, and energy storage.

Answer 46

Parasympathetic

Question 47

The brain structure that plays the greatest role in managing the autonomic nervous system is the _____.

Answer 47

hypothalamus

Question 48

The process by which favorable traits would become more common and unfavorable traits would become less common in subsequent generations due to differences among organisms in their ability to reproduce successfully.

Answer 48

Natural selection

Question 49

Animals with spinal columns and real brains are referred to as ______.

Answer 49

vertebrates, or chordates.