Finals (Chapter 5-8)

Question 1

The process of drawing inferences about a suspect’s personality, behavior, motivation, and demographic characteristics based on crime scene information is referred to as _________.

Answer 1

profiling

Question 2

Psychological profiling mostly relies on the ________ of a particular profile.

Answer 2

intuition

Question 3

Victims in a string of murders were all mutilated any specific way, which makes profilers think of this feature as the __________ that may reveal something about the perpetrator’s personality.

Answer 3

signature

Question 4

One of the characteristics thought to be indicative of childhood maladjustment has been identified among quite a few serial killers. It is:

a) cruelty to animals
b) mental illness
c) extroversion
d) temper tantrums

Answer 4

a) cruelty to animals

Question 5

Killers that tend to be more impulsive and selected victims more randomly are referred to as:

a) disorganized killers
b) organized killers
c) stalkers
d) impetuous killers

Answer 5

a) disorganized killers

Question 6

Holmes and Holmes (2010) have categorized the serial killers into four types: visionary, mission-oriented, hedonistic, and power oriented. Subsequent research showed that:

a) visionary killers are more common than hedonistic ones
b) most serial killers have traits from different categories rather than just one category
c) organized killers can only belong to either mission-oriented or power-oriented type
d) stalkers can easily turn into either of the four types of serial killers

Answer 6

b) most serial killers have traits from different categories rather than just one category

Question 7

Suggestive questions can best be described as _________ leading questions _______.

a) excluding; not volunteered by the child
b) including; not volunteered by the child
c) excluding; that were unsolicited
d) including; that were solicited

Answer 7

b) including; not volunteered by the child

Question 8

What is the best description of the NICHD Investigative Interview protocol?

a) This is a technique designed to reduce biased questioning and elicit true responses from children
b) This is a technique using close-ended questions to interview alleged victims who are children
c) This is a protocol for using Bobo Dolls to release children’s desire for letting their anger out
d) This is coercive approach to interviewing intended to overcome the resistance of concealing the abuse

Answer 8

a) This is a technique designed to reduce biased questioning and elicit true responses from children

Question 9

Open-ended requests and questions (i.e. “Tell me everything that happened.”) are considered a ____-_______ prompts in the NICHD protocol.

Answer 9

non-coercive

Question 10

Research has demonstrated that some techniques used in interviewing children in abuse cases have proven to be helpful. These techniques include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) simplified instructions
b) taking an oath to tell the truth
c) explicit statement stipulating that the interviewer does not know what happened
d) asking the same question more than once

Answer 10

d) asking the same question more than once

Question 11

Adult hearsay witness testimony is perceived differently from that of a child because adults are more __________ in their testimony.

Answer 11

confident

Question 12

__________ __________ of abuse can occur during hypnosis and or psychotherapy years or decades after the abuse occurred. Example: A 50 year-old psychotherapy patient suddenly recalls being abused as a child (after decades of having no memory of the same).

Answer 12

Recovered memories

Question 13

In some cases, false memories can surface as a result of the ___________ of the alleged victim undergoing hypnosis or guided imagery.

Answer 13

suggestibility

Question 14

Eyewitnesses depend on ________ to identify or describe a suspect.

Answer 14

memory

Question 15

The memory process is often described as having what following components?

Answer 15

encoding
storage
retrieval

Question 16

__________ is the part of the memory process that involves accessing and pulling out stored information at a later time.

Answer 16

Retrieval

Question 17

The Manson criteria (Manson v. Braithwaite (1977)), includes five factors that should be taken into account when evaluating the accuracy of an eye-witness’ identification. The following factor was clearly disproven by research:

a) the level of attention the witness was paying to what was going on
b) the level of confidence the witness is exhibiting about his or her memory of the event
c) the amount of time between the crime and identification event
d) the accuracy of the witness’s previous descriptions of the event or perpetrator

Answer 17

b) the level of confidence the witness is exhibiting about his or her memory of the event

Question 18

Individuals often ____________ the duration of a brief event, especially if it is a(n) _________ event.

Answer 18

overestimate

stressful

Question 19

The tendency of people to be better able to recognize faces of those within their own racial group than those outside their own racial group is referred to as the _____-____ ______.

Answer 19

cross-race effect

Question 20

The reassignment of a face that is familiar from another context to the scene of a crime is referred to as ___________ ____________.

Answer 20

unconscious transference

Question 21

The tendency to maintain widely held beliefs (i.e. pre-existing expectations) about which sequences of actions (i.e. behaviors) will typically occur in certain situations is referred to as ______.

Answer 21

scripts

Question 22

Factors that are outside the control of the legal system are referred to as __________ _________.

Answer 22

estimator variables

Question 23

The legal definition of whether an individual has the capacity to perform necessary personal or legal functions is known as ___________.

Answer 23

competence

Question 24

The first component of competency to stand trial (CST) refers to the accused individual’s ability to interact rationally with an ________. The second component refers to the accused individual’s understanding of how the _____ ________ works.

Answer 24

attorney

court process

Question 25

___________ ___________ is a legal concept that describes the defendants ability to participate effectively in legal proceedings and aid in their own defense.

Answer 25

Adjudicative competence

Question 26

__________ __ ______ _____ (____) refers to the psychological state of the accused at the time of the trial.

Answer 26

Competency to stand trial (CST)

Question 27

Under a ____________ __ ___ _________ standard of proof, indicates of competency to stand trial (CST), the defense must prove that it is more likely than not that the accused is incompetent.

Answer 27

preponderance of the evidence

Question 28

If the accused is deemed ____-_________, then criminal charges are dismissed or suspended.

Answer 28

non-restorable

Question 29

If the accused is deemed non-restorable, then criminal charges are ________ or __________.

Answer 29

dismissed

suspended

Question 30

Grisso and colleagues (2003) compared youths (ages 11 to 13) with young adults and found that:

a) youths are less likely to accept a plea bargain
b) young adults are more likely to accept a plea bargain
c) youths are more likely to accept a plea bargain.

Answer 30

c) youths are more likely to accept a plea bargain.

Question 31

According to the text, ___________ means that an individual is intentionally faking a mental illness or disability.

Answer 31

malingering