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BIOCHEM LEC > FINALS: CENTRAL DOGMA > Flashcards

FINALS: CENTRAL DOGMA Flashcards

1
Q

Biochemical process by which DNA molecules
produces exact duplicates of themselves.

A

DNA REPLICATION

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2
Q

DNA‘s code must be copied and taken to the
cytosol.

A

DNA TRANSCRIPTION

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3
Q

The process of copying the sequence of one DNA
strand, the TEMPLATE STRAND.

A

TRANSCRIPTION

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4
Q

the process of decoding the mRNA into a
polypeptide chain.

A

TRANSLATION

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5
Q

FACTS ON DNA REPLICATION
* DNA has to be ______ before a cell divides.
* DNA is copied during the __ or ______phase of
interphase.
* NEW CELLS will need ______ DNA strands.

A

copied; S, synthesis; identical

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6
Q

Cellular contents are duplicated
EXCEPT for the Chromosomes.

A

G1

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7
Q

Each of the 46 Chromosomes is
duplicated by the cell.

A

S

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8
Q

The cell “Double Checks” the
duplicated Chromosomes for error,
making any needed repairs.

A

G2

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9
Q

G1,S, G2

A

INTERPHASE

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10
Q

of hydrogen bonds of Adenine and Thymine

A

2

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11
Q

of hydrogen bonds of Guanine and Cytosine

A

3

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12
Q

3 replication models

A

conservative
semi-conservative
dispersive

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13
Q
  • New strand is ½ parent template.
  • ½ new DNA
A

SEMI-CONSERVAYIVE MODEL

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14
Q

breaks the hydrogen bonds of the parent DNA strands at the replication forks, which gives two separate DNA strands

A

Helicase

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15
Q

attach to the separated strands to keep them apart and the bases exposed

A

single-strand binding protein

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16
Q

synthesizes short RNA segments called primers that are starting points for DNA polymerase

A

Primase

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17
Q

catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester linkages on the new DNA strands between the 3’ ends of the growing chains and available complementary nucleotides

A

DNA Polymerase

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18
Q

DNA polymerase adds _________ continuously in the 5’ to 3’ direction to a growing DNA chain

A

nucleotides

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19
Q

At each primer, DNA polymerase form short, separate segments until it reaches the next primer and stops

A

Okazaki fragments

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20
Q

joins the okazaki framents

A

DNA ligase

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21
Q

DNA REPLICATION (1st step) Begins at a site called

A

ORIGIN OF REPLICATION

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22
Q

DNA REPLICATION (1st step) New strands grow at the

A

replication forks

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23
Q

DNA REPLICATION (1st step)
As the two strands open at the origin, ______________ ______________ form.

A

REPLICATION
BUBBLES

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24
Q

single bubble

A

PROKARYOTES (bacteria) –

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25
Q

many
bubbles.

A

EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES

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26
Q

Attach and keep 2 DNA strands separated
and untwisted.

A

SINGLE-STRAND BINDING PROTEINS

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27
Q

Attaches to the 2 forks of the bubble to
relieve stress on the DNA molecule as it
separates

A

TOPOISOMERASE

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28
Q

the enzyme that synthesizes the RNA
PRIMER.

A

PRIMASE

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29
Q

A ________ is created to start the new strand.

A

“PRIMER”

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30
Q

DNA REPLICATION (2nd step)

A

Build daughter DNA strand.

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31
Q

Can operate on forming DNA
daughter strand only in the 5-to-3
direction.

A

DNA polymerase III

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32
Q

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides
to the __ end of the DNA.

A

3’

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33
Q

Exonuclease activity removes RNA
primer and replaces with newly
synthesized DNA.

A

DNA pol I

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34
Q

Repair function

A

DNA pol II

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35
Q

Main enzyme that adds nucleotides
in the 5’-3’ direction.

A

DNA pol III

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36
Q

DNA‘s code must be copied and taken to the
______.

37
Q

In the cytoplasm, DNA code must be read so amino
acids can be assembled to make ____________
(proteins).

A

polypeptides

38
Q

: copies the template strand

39
Q

TRANSCRIPTION Requires the enzyme _______________.

A

RNA Polymerase

40
Q

Part of DNA temporarily unzips and is used as a
template to assemble complementary __________
into messenger RNA (mRNA).

A

nucleotides

41
Q

Identifies gene start and end points on the
DNA to initiate and terminate
transcription.

A

RNA POLYMERASE

42
Q

Recognizes the correct DNA strand to avoid
transcribing non-informative DNA strands.

A

RNA POLYMERASE

43
Q

RNA polymerase binds to the DNA of the gene at a
region called the

44
Q

major sites in which gene expression is
controlled.

45
Q

a DNA sequence

46
Q

indicates where a genetic sequence can be
read and decoded

47
Q

A protein that binds to specific DNA sequences,
thereby controlling the rate of transcription of
genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA

A

TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR

48
Q

Stabilize or block the binding of RNA polymerase to
DNA.

A

TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR

49
Q

Control when, where, and how efficiently RNA
polymerase’s function.

A

TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR

50
Q

Termination of transcription comes about when the
polymerase enzyme recognizes a DNA region known
as a

A

terminator sequence

51
Q

Site of protein synthesis.

52
Q

Carries information for
protein synthesis from the
DNA to the ribosomes.

53
Q

Brings specific amino acids
to the site of protein
synthesis.

54
Q

RNA that facilitates the conversion of heterogeneous
nuclear RNA to messenger RNA.

A

SMALL NUCLEAR RNA (snRNA)

55
Q

RNA formed directly by DNA transcription.

A

HETEROGENOUS NUCLEAR RNA (hnRNA)

56
Q

SMALL NUCLEAR RNA (snRNA) It contains from ___ to ___ nucleotides.

57
Q

hRNA to actual mRNA

A

Addition of a 5’ cap; Addition of a poly-A tail

58
Q

a modified guanine nucleotide.

59
Q

protects the transcript from being broken
down.

60
Q

used as a recognition signal for ribosomes
to bind to the mRNA.

61
Q

plays a role in the stability of the mRNA

62
Q

AAAA to 3’ end of RNA transcript are added

A

polyadenylation

63
Q

Process of removing introns from an hnRNA
molecule and joining the remaining exons together
to form an mRNA molecule.

A

RNA SPLICING

64
Q

A gene segment that conveys
(codes for) genetic information

65
Q

Is a gene segment that does not
convey (code for) genetic
information.

66
Q

DNA TRANSLATION STOP CODON

67
Q

ead mRNA three bases or 1 codon at a time

68
Q

RIBOSOMES Composed of rRNA (____) and proteins
(____)

69
Q

Holds the Aminoacyl-tRNA carrying the next amino
acid to be added.

70
Q

Holds the tRNA molecule carrying the
growing polypeptide chain.

A

Peptidyl-tRNA site

71
Q

Where tRNA molecules leave the ribosome.

A

Exit site.

72
Q

Single stranded molecule with ATTACHMENT SITE at
one end for an amino acid.

A

TRANSFER RNA (tRNA)

73
Q

Opposite end has three nucleotide bases called the
.

74
Q

An enzyme that attaches the appropriate amino acid
onto its tRNA.

A

AMINOACYL-TRNA SYNTHETASE

75
Q

AMINOACYL-TRNA SYNTHETAS Catalyzes the ______________ of a specific amino acid
to one of its compatible tRNAs to form an aminoacyltRNA

A

esterification

76
Q

Starts with mRNA binds to a small ribosomal subunit,
positioning the initiating codon AUG in the P site.

A

INITIATION

77
Q

An activated tRNA with a complementary anticodon
to the codon AUG attaches to it through base pairing

A

INITIATION

78
Q

The resulting complex then interacts with a large
ribosomal subunit to complete the formation of an
initiation complex.

A

INITIATION

79
Q

The mRNA moves a codon at a time relative to the
ribosome.

A

ELONGATION

80
Q

A tRNA pairs with each codon, adding an
amino acid to the growing polypeptide.

A

ELONGATION

81
Q

A STOP codon causes the mRNA-ribosome
complex to fall apart.

A

ELONGATION

82
Q

Requires energy

A

ELONGATION: TRANSLOCATION

83
Q

o tRNA from P site to E site: Leaves ribosome
o tRNA from A site to P site: Polypeptide
returns to P site, ready for next
polymerization.
* A site is now empty.
o Next aatRNA can bind.

A

ELONGATION: TRANSLOCATION

84
Q

At STOP CODON a protein called ___________
binds to A site (no tRNA for stop codon, thus no
aatRNA).

A

RELEASE FACTOR

85
Q

Release Factor:
o Adds of _______ molecule instead of amino
acid to polypeptide.
o ____________hydrolyzed from tRNA in P site
and released.

A

water;Polypeptide

86
Q

Met residue is removed by ______.

A

hydrolysis

87
Q

______hydrolysis reaction releases the polypeptide
chain from its tRNA carrier.

88
Q

Some covalent modification of a protein can occur,
such as the formation of disulfide bridges between
cysteine residues.

A

POST-TRANSLATION PROCESSING

89
Q

Completion of the folding of polypeptides into their
active conformations occurs.

A

POST-TRANSLATION PROCESSING

BIOCHEM LEC (11 decks)

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