Finals 2022 : Protein Synthesis (and Gene Expression)

Question 1

Adenine Definition

Answer 1

A compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids.

Paired with thymine in double-stranded DNA.
Paired with Uracil in RNA.

Question 2

Amino Acid Definition

Answer 2

Special organic molecule used by living organisms to make proteins. (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen). They are formed from codons.

• Bonded together into long chains which fold into a three-dimensional shape.
• Every amino acid is made up of a foundational molecule, which is the same for all amino acids.
• There are 20 different “R” groups, resulting in 20 different amino acids.
• Amino acids are joined in long chains called polypeptides before they fold into their complex, 3-dimensional, functional shape.

Question 3

Anticodon Definition

Answer 3

Three nucleotides that form a unit of genetic code in tRNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in mRNA.

Question 4

Chromosome Definition

Answer 4

Chromosomes are highly organized and contain all the genetic information necessary to code for proteins. They are condensed, organized packages of DNA.

Question 5

Codon Definition

Answer 5

3 consecutive nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid or signals the start or end of gene translation.

Question 6

Cytosine Definition

Answer 6

A compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids.

Paired with Guanine in double-stranded DNA.

Question 7

Deletion Point Mutation Definition

Answer 7

A type of mutation involving the loss of genetic material.

Question 8

Deoxyribose Definition

Answer 8

Sugar found in DNA.

Question 9

DNA Definition

Answer 9

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Stores all of the genetic information inside the cell.

Question 10

Feedback Loop Definition

Answer 10

Where the output of a system amplifies the system (positive feedback) or inhibits the system (negative feedback).

Question 11

Frameshift Mutation Definition

Answer 11

When nucleotides are inserted into or deleted from the DNA and cause a “shift” in the reading of mRNA codons.

Question 12

Gene Definition

Answer 12

A sequence of DNA that contains the instructions to build a specific protein.

Question 13

Gene Expression Definition

Answer 13

The activity of genes in a cell. In each cell, only some of the genes are active or expressed.

Question 14

Guanine Definition

Answer 14

A compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids.

Paired with Cytosine in double-stranded DNA.

Question 15

Insertion Point Mutation Definition

Answer 15

When an extra base pair is added to a sequence of bases.

Question 16

mRNA Definition

Answer 16

During the Transcription, the information contained in DNA is converted into a messenger molecule (mRNA).

Question 17

Nucleus Definition

Answer 17

The membrane-enclosed organelle within a cell that contains the chromosomes.

Question 18

Nucleotide Definition

Answer 18

The building blocks of the nucleic acids RNA and DNA.

A nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase (nitrogenous base), a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or 2-deoxyribose), and one phosphate group.

Question 19

Point Mutation Definition

Answer 19

A mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence.

Question 20

Ribose Definition

Answer 20

Sugar found in RNA.

Question 21

Ribosome Definition

Answer 21

An intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell.

Question 22

RNA Polymerase Definition

Answer 22

A multi-unit enzyme that synthesizes RNA molecules from a template of DNA through a process called transcription.

Question 23

Protein Definition

Answer 23

One of the most common organic macromolecules made up of chains of monomers called amino acids.
(carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

• Made of 20 amino acids
• Theoretically, an infinite number of proteins can be made based on different combinations of all 20 amino acids.
• Weak bonds help the protein maintain its shape.
• Proteins are involved in nearly every function of your body.
  Ex. Muscles, skin, hair

Cells contain about 10,000 different proteins with different jobs.

• Provide structural support
• Transport substances inside the cell and between cells
• Communicate signals within the cell and between cells
• Speed up chemical reactions
• Control cell growth.

Question 24

Stimulus Definition

Answer 24

Anything that produces a response in an organism or in a cell or tissue of an organism. Such stimuli can be internal or external.

Question 25

Substitution Point Mutation Definition

Answer 25

A type of mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide.

Question 26

Thymine Definition

Answer 26

A compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids.

Paired with Adenine in double-stranded DNA.
Replaced with Uracil in RNA.

Question 27

Transcription Definition

Answer 27

The first phase of protein synthesis. The information contained in DNA is converted into a messenger molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA).

• Happens in the nucleus.

Question 28

Transcription Factors Definition

Answer 28

Molecule that controls the activity of a gene by determining whether the gene’s DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is transcribed into RNA (ribonucleic acid).

Question 29

Translation Definition

Answer 29

The second phase of protein synthesis. In this phase, the code in the mRNA molecule is translated by transfer RNA (tRNA), which carries amino acid monomers used to build a protein molecule.

• Happens on ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Question 30

tRNA Definition

Answer 30

Small RNA molecule that plays a key role in protein synthesis. Transfer RNA serves as a link (or adaptor) between the messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule and the growing chain of amino acids that make up a protein.

Question 31

Uracil Definition

Answer 31

One of the constituent bases of nucleic acids. Compound.

Replaces Thymine in RNA. Only present in RNA.

Question 32

List the three types of RNA

Answer 32

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

Question 33

Describe three main differences between RNA and DNA.

Answer 33

1. Sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose
2. RNA is generally single-stranded, not double-stranded
3. RNA contains uracil in place of thymine.