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_FINALS_ > finals > Flashcards

finals Flashcards

1
Q

study of toxic compounds & effects of certain compounds

A

Toxicology

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2
Q

✔ effects of “would be drugs”
✔ maximum effects of the drugs
✔ minimum or maximum effect

A

Pharmacological toxicology

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3
Q

✔ mechanism, degraded or activated in the body.
✔ metabolism of the compounds in the body
✔ usage of chemical
determined by clinical diagnosis and clinical treatment

A

Medical toxicology

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4
Q

usage of chemical
determined by

A

clinical diagnosis and clinical treatment

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5
Q

✔ safety of industrial workers and other people who might be accidentally exposed to the chemicals.
✔ main emphasis, human and domestic animals.

A

Industrial toxicology

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6
Q

mercury poisoning in Japan.

A

Minamata disease

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7
Q

✔ foreign substances, affect domestic animals and substances present on animal products

A

Veterinary toxicology

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

✔ study, effect of toxicants
✔ Study on the mechanism(mode) of action of toxicants

A

Pesticide toxicology

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10
Q

tolerance level of pesticides to man by killing target pests without affecting non-target ones.

A

Pesticide toxicology

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11
Q

Before a toxicant could be marketed

A

Acute
Chronic
Inhalation data

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12
Q

effect, immediately observed

A

Acute

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13
Q

effect, not immediately observed, minute quantity

A

Chronic

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14
Q

residues remain in lungs

A

Inhalation data

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15
Q

✔ deals, minute quantities of pesticide in environment and how organisms react

A

Environmental toxicology

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16
Q

✔ effects of toxins, whether purposely applied (such as pesticides) or derived from industrial processes, on health and environment.

A

Environmental toxicology

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17
Q

Rank of Pesticides according to USA

A

✔ Insecticides
✔ Herbicides
✔ Fungicides

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18
Q

global pesticide consumption

A

16%

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19
Q

annual growth

A

5-7%

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20
Q

Use of Pesticides in the Philippines

A

✔ Crop Production
✔ Animal Health
✔ Public Health
✔ Stored product pests
✔ Structural pests etc.

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21
Q

pesticides, maximum importation in the Phil.

A

1978

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22
Q

IPM: core of crop protection policy

A

1986

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23
Q

Philippines adopted IPM

A

May 1986

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24
Q

President?
Philippines adopted IPM
evolved more dynamic, practical and farmer-driven activity.

A

Pres. Corazon C. Aquino

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25
Q

✔ Issues rules and regulations governing the
importation, manufacture, repacking, distribution,
delivery, sale, storage, and use of pesticides.

A

FPA- Fertilizer & Pesticide Authority

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26
Q

✔ Jurisdiction over all handlers of pesticides
✔ Registration and license to pesticide handlers

A

Fertilizer & Pesticide Authority

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27
Q

✔ stop sale, stop use, removal and hold order of pesticide

A

Fertilizer & Pesticide Authority

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28
Q

Application of pesticides by farmers

A

✔ Availability and cost of pesticides
✔ Kind of crops produced
✔ Availability of financing

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28
Q

Application of Pesticides, Plantations

A

✔ Residual tolerance limit
✔ Established by the consumers
✔ Established by mother companies

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28
Q

Symptoms of Poisoning exhibited by ORGANISMS

A

a) Excitation
b) Convulsion
c) Paralysis
d) Death

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28
Q

observed before the appearance of the first symptom

A

latent period

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28
Q

During this period usually observed

A

a) Cleaning movement
b) Curling and telescoping movements

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28
Q

Exciting period is manifested by:

A

1) Frantic running or flying movements
2) Restlessness

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28
Q

agriculture begins in Mesopotamia

A

8000 BC

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28
Q

Summerians, use sulfur, control mites & insect

A

2500 BC

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28
Q

Green Revolution

A

1950-60s

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28
Q

DDT, first synthetic pesticide

A

1940s

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28
Q

doc. pest control method

A

1800s

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28
Q

Experimental method

A

✔ standardized
✔ test insect, uniform (size, age, sex)
✔ extrinsic factors, uniform

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28
Q

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

A

1970

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29
Q

Silent Spring by Rachel Carson

A

1962

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29
Q

new product from discovery to first sales

A

8-9 yrs

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29
Q

annual sales on research and development of new crop protection products

A

7.5%

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29
Q

Number of insects used

A

✔ number governed by practical considerations.
✔ not be over 50 but not less than 15.
✔ Population- homogenous
✔ Randomize

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29
Q

Dosage

A

geometric manner.

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30
Q

Temperature

A

most insecticides, effective normally at ordinary temp.

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31
Q

Gamma BHC

A

variable results

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32
Q

slighty greater toxicity at low temp.

A

Pyrethrins & carbamates

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33
Q

more toxic at low temperature

A

DDT

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34
Q

relative humidity may affect the physiological process and alter the susceptibility of insects.

A

Pre-test effect

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35
Q

Exposure effect

A

✔ Contact poisons
✔ Fumigants
✔ Residual film

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36
Q

minor effect

A

Contact poisons

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37
Q

reaction, fumigant used

A

Fumigants

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38
Q

reaction, insecticides and insect used

A

Residual films

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39
Q

Intrinsic factors

A

(inherent)

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40
Q

Specificity
(stomach)
(contact)
(fumigant)

A

gut wall; mouth, oral
cuticle; bodywall
cuticle and the spiracle.

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41
Q

Stage of the insect
order resistance

A

Egg>Pupa>Larva>adult

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42
Q

Sex

A

Females- more tolerant than males

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43
Q

Male rats

A

more tolerant than female rats

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44
Q

now accepted as standard method of reducing data to simple terms

A

Probit Analysis

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45
Q

 specialized form of regression analysis
 most valuable types of evaluation in toxicology
 statistical tools, required interpretation

A

Probit Analysis

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46
Q

 analyze many kinds of dose-response
 determine the relative toxicity of chemical to living organism
 transformation from sigmoid to linear

A

Probit Analysis

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47
Q

process, dissolved sample vaporised

A

VOLATILIZATION

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48
Q

draining away of water

A

RUNOFF

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49
Q

crop removal (transfer insecticide residues during harvest)

A

Transfer

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50
Q

Movement, insecticides in water through soil.

A

LEACHING

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51
Q
  • Photo (sunlight/heat)
  • Microbial(microorganisms)
  • Chemical (alkaline hydrolysis)
A

Degradation

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52
Q

Movement, Insecticides into Plants and animals

A

ABSORPTION

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53
Q

-outermost part of the insect body
-major barrier, protecting the insect from
penetration

A

Cuticle (exoskeleton)

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54
Q

preserved insect species and consists of different layers

protection from desiccation, sensory perception of the environment, mechanical support and means of locomotion

A

Cuticle (exoskeleton)

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55
Q

Insecticides properties

A

a) Adsorptivity
b) Solubility
c) Persistence

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56
Q

Soil conditions

A

a) Texture
b) Organic matter
c) Permeability

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57
Q
  • ban pesticides, most toxic to humans, and pesticides remain for longest time in environment
A

WHO- world health organization

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58
Q

Who are at risk?

A

people, directly exposed to pesticides
agricultural workers

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59
Q

responsible for assessing the risks to humans of pesticides – both through direct exposure, and through residues in food

A

WHO, collaboration with FAO

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60
Q

assessed the level of risk, and established limits for safe intake

A

Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR)

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61
Q

intergovernmental standards-setting body for food
Codex standards, more than 100 different pesticides

A

Codex Alimentarius Commission

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62
Q

Plants

A

(Phytotoxicity)

63
Q

appear on the tip, the margin, as spots

A

Burn

64
Q

similar to burn & affecting plants, same manner

A

Necrosis (or death of the plant tissue)

65
Q

appear as spots, tip yellowing

A

Chlorosis (a yellowing or bleaching effect

66
Q

very toxic to earthworm

A

carbamate insecticides

67
Q

appear as curling, crinkling, or cupping of leaf

A

Leaf distortion

68
Q

reduce earthworm populations

A

organophosphates

69
Q

combination, insecticides and fungicide

A

neurotoxic effects

70
Q
  • (Solanum melongena L.)
    -spraying w/ cypermethrin and imidacloprid
A

higher mortality of coccinellids, braconid wasps and predatory spiders

71
Q

found highly toxic to natural enemies

A

neonicotinoids

72
Q

lethal and sub-lethal effects

A

neonicotinoid insecticides

73
Q

causing colony collapse disorder (CCD)

A

Nosema ceranae

74
Q

decrease honey production

A

nosema disease/nosemosis

75
Q

-increased gut of bees
from imidacloprid treated hives.

A

Microsporidial infections

76
Q

inhibits feeding, insects starve to death

A

Anti-feedant

77
Q

reduces transpiration

A

Anti-transpirant

78
Q

lures pests to treated location

A

Attractant

79
Q

removes unwanted plant growth

A

Defoliant

80
Q

dries up plant parts and insects

A

Dessicant

81
Q

stop, speeds or retards growth pro.

A

Growth regulator

82
Q

drives pests, w/o killing

A

Repellant

83
Q

enhance, effectiveness active ingredients

A

Synergist

84
Q

poison enters in mouth absorbed through the digestive tract

A

Stomach poison

85
Q

poison in pest’s body

A

Contact poison

86
Q

poison, through respiratory system

A

Fumigant

87
Q

toxicant is water soluble and taken into the plant through the roots, stems and leaves and trans located throughout the plant.

*effective against

A

Systemic poison

sucking, boring and mining pest

88
Q

based on structure of the compound and named based on the rules of
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists (IUPAC)

A

Chemical Name

89
Q

by international community of scientists to identify the pesticide easier instead of chem. name

A

Common Name

90
Q

by manufacturer
each company has brand name & for advertisement

A

Trade Name

91
Q

allow the formulation to be mixed with water to form an emulsion (oil in water)

A

Emulsifiers

92
Q

1940s-50s

A

Chlorinated hydrocarbons
DDT, Chlordane, Dieldrin, Mirex

93
Q

1960s- 70s

A

Organophosphates & Carbamates
Dimethoate, Diazinon, Dursban, Orthene

94
Q

1980s-90s

A

Pyrethroids (synthetic)
Mavrik, Tame, Tempo, Decathlon, Talstar

95
Q

1990s-2000s

A

Reduced-Risk Insecticides

96
Q

consisted of compound: arsenic, mercury, and lead
soon abandoned, highly toxic and ineffective

A

first-generation pesticides (1940)

97
Q

composed of synthetic organic compounds.

A

second-generation pesticide

98
Q
  • Acts through phosphorylation of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme at
    nerve endings (Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme Inhibitor)
A

Organophosphates

99
Q

Biologically active carbamates originated with the used of Calabar beans, the seed of Physostigma venenosum (Balfour)

A

Carbamate Insecticides

100
Q
  • seed of a leguminous plant Physostigma venenosum, native of tropical Africa
A

Calabar bean

101
Q

poisonous to humans.

A

Calabar bean

102
Q

control directed one pest, result outbreak of another pest

A

Resurgence of pest population

103
Q

hidden cost: medical costs, laboratory/ field tests, etc.

A

The cost

104
Q

oral, contact/dermal,

A

Route

105
Q

concentration of the

A

Inhalation Magnitude

106
Q

no. of exposure to the toxicant

A

Toxicant Duration

107
Q

length of exposure

A

Frequency

108
Q

Danger/ Poison
Warning
Caution
No signal word

A
  • red
    • yellow
    • blue
    • green
109
Q

50% test species will die, duration of exposure

A

LD50

110
Q

exposure in one single dose

A

Acute tests

111
Q

exposure, specified frequency

A

Chronic test

112
Q

NOEL:

A

NO Effect Level (2year feeding) “carcinogenicity”

113
Q

Acaricides
Fungicide
Herbicide
Insecticide
Molluscicide
Nematicides
Rodenticide
Termiticide

A

mites, ticks and (spiders)
fungi
weeds
insect
slugs & snails
nematodes
rodents
termites, ants

114
Q

Category I

A

Extremely toxic 50 mg/kg

115
Q

Category II

A

Highly Toxic 50-500 mg/kg

116
Q

Category III

A

Moderately Toxic 500-5000 mg/kg

117
Q

Category IV

A

Slightly Toxic >5000 mg/kg

118
Q

Calabar bean
mode of action:

A

inhibit cholinesterase enzymes

119
Q

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

A

carbon, chlorine, hydrogen
Names: organochlorines, chlorinated insecticides, and chlorinated synthetics.

120
Q

Highly persistent, low water solubility, wide spectrum
activity, accumulate in plant and animal tissues

A

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

121
Q

DDT work on

A

Peripheral nervous system

122
Q

synthetic analogs and derivatives of the original pyrethrins

A

Pyrethroids

123
Q

collective term for pyrethrum extracts
“Purified pyrethrums”

A

Pyrethrins

124
Q

refers to dried & powdered flower heads
white- flowered daisy-like plant of
Chrysanthemum genus (C. cinerariaefolium ,C. cineum)

A

Pyrethrum

125
Q

widespread use of pyrethroid

A

1970’s

126
Q

similar to the natural insecticide, nicotine

A

Neonicotinoids

127
Q

⮚hallmark of neonicotinoids

A

“SYSTEMIC.”

127
Q

Neonicotinoids
bind, specific site:

A

postsynaptic receptor / nicotinic receptor

128
Q

⮚ regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency
use is governed by _________

A

Microbial Insecticides

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).

128
Q

⮚Single cell organism: bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses, have been mass produced and formulated for use in a manner similar to insecticides.

A

Microbial Insecticides

129
Q

⮚ effect primarily on infection and multiplication in host

A

Microbial Insecticides

130
Q

ADVANTAGES OF MICROBIAL INSECTICIDES

A

nontoxic and nonpathogenic
specific to a single group

131
Q

occur commonly in soils, and most insecticidal strains

A

Bacteria

132
Q

-numerous virus particles are “packaged”

A

nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPVs)

133
Q
  • one or two virus particles, surrounded by granular
    or capsule-like protein crystal CPV cytoplasmic
A

granulosis viruses (GVs)

134
Q
  • develops only in cytoplasm of host midgut epithelial cells
    • larval stages of sawflies
A

polyhedrosis virus CPV

135
Q

species that cause insect diseases spread by means of asexual spores

A

Conidia

136
Q

do not have to be ingested to cause infections

A

fungi

137
Q

entomopathigenic fungus

A

Verticillium lecanii

138
Q

can affect a wide variety of arthropods

A

Beauveria bassiana

139
Q

changes from larval to adult form

A

Metamorphosis

140
Q

– immature insect has reached the point in its development where it needs a larger exoskeleton.

A

Ecdysone

141
Q

– remains immature by inhibiting the development of adult characteristics such as wings and reproductive organs.

A

Juvenile hormone

142
Q

prevent insect from becoming adults, no reproduction.

A

JUVENILE HORMONE AGONISTS

143
Q

mimic ecdysone and force insects to molt prematurely which typically results in stoppage of feeding and ultimately in insect death.

A

ECDYSONE AGONISTS

144
Q

⮚most widely used botanical insect growth regulators

A

Azadirachtin

145
Q

⮚ insects that survive develop into a deformed adult incapable of feeding, dispersing, or reproducing.

A

Azadirachtin

146
Q

⮚Immature insects exposed Azadirachtin

A

molt prematurely or die

147
Q

state “Restricted Use Pesticide” at the top of the front panel.

A

product classification

148
Q

name of the product that the manufacturer created

Examples: “Sunspray”, “Pounce”, “Warrior’, etc.

A

Trade Name/Brand Name

149
Q

Formulation

A
  • emulsifiable concentrate (EC)
  • solution (S)
  • wettable powder (WP)
  • soluble powder (SP)
  • water dispersible granules (or dry flowables) (WDG or DF)
  • water soluble packets (WSP)
150
Q

pesticide classification number
important to know - growers should rotate
among classes to prevent resistance

A

Mode of Action

151
Q

⮚ interrupts molting, metamorphosis, and development of the female reproductive system

A

Azadirachtin

152
Q

material that is working to kill the target pest

A

Active Ingredient

153
Q

do not work to control the target pest directly
added to improve effectiveness

A

Other/Insert Ingredients

154
Q

Every product, unique registration number

A

EPA Registration Number

155
Q

Net content : 5lb

A

Net Contents

156
Q

addess of manufacturer

A

Manufacturer’s Address

157
Q

accompanied by a red skull and crossbones and means that the product can be fatal

A

Danger-Poison

158
Q

corrosive, and can cause irreversible eye damage or skin injury.

A

Danger

159
Q

moderately toxic, and can cause moderate eye or skin irritation

A

Warning

160
Q

mildly toxic, but cause slight eye or skin irritation

A

Caution

161
Q

Signal Word

A

Danger-Poison
Danger
Warning
Caution

162
Q

part of pesticide label

A

Keep Out of Reach of Children Warning

163
Q

antidote, treatment for medical victim

A

First Aid

164
Q

⮚ Hazards to Humans

A

Precautionary Statements

165
Q

temperature & light require, prevent breakdown of matter
how to deal w/ unused portion of the product & container

A

Storage and Disposal

166
Q

product may be applied
* the pests that the product targets
* amount to use
* method of application
* timing of application
* pre-harvest interval
* re-entry interval
* PPE requirements for early re-entry

A

Directions for Use

167
Q

Act on central nervous system of insects with very low toxicity to mammals and minimal environmental impact

A

Neonicotinoids

168
Q

Juvenile hormone
secreted by the________

A

Corpora Allata

169
Q
  • to protect public health by setting max. limits for pesticide residues in food and water
A

WHO

170
Q

eaten to be effective; not contact poison

A

Bacteria

171
Q

Ecdysone secreted by

A

prothoracic glands

172
Q

Not easily broken down by heat, microorganism, enzymes

A

Chlorinated hydrocarbon

173
Q
  • Efficiently absorbed by inhalation and ingestion
A

Organophosphate

174
Q
  • Dermal penetration/ absorption varies
A

Organophosphate

175
Q

✔ occasional exposure to the toxicants
(contact/dermal, oral or inhalation).

A

Pesticide toxicology

176
Q

collective term for pyrethrum extracts

A

“Purified pyrethrums”

_FINALS_ (4 decks)

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