finals Flashcards
1
Q
study of toxic compounds & effects of certain compounds
A
Toxicology
2
Q
✔ effects of “would be drugs”
✔ maximum effects of the drugs
✔ minimum or maximum effect
A
Pharmacological toxicology
3
Q
✔ mechanism, degraded or activated in the body.
✔ metabolism of the compounds in the body
✔ usage of chemical
determined by clinical diagnosis and clinical treatment
A
Medical toxicology
4
Q
usage of chemical
determined by
A
clinical diagnosis and clinical treatment
5
Q
✔ safety of industrial workers and other people who might be accidentally exposed to the chemicals.
✔ main emphasis, human and domestic animals.
A
Industrial toxicology
6
Q
mercury poisoning in Japan.
A
Minamata disease
7
Q
✔ foreign substances, affect domestic animals and substances present on animal products
A
Veterinary toxicology
8
Q
A
9
Q
✔ study, effect of toxicants
✔ Study on the mechanism(mode) of action of toxicants
A
Pesticide toxicology
10
Q
tolerance level of pesticides to man by killing target pests without affecting non-target ones.
A
Pesticide toxicology
11
Q
Before a toxicant could be marketed
A
Acute
Chronic
Inhalation data
12
Q
effect, immediately observed
A
Acute
13
Q
effect, not immediately observed, minute quantity
A
Chronic
14
Q
residues remain in lungs
A
Inhalation data
15
Q
✔ deals, minute quantities of pesticide in environment and how organisms react
A
Environmental toxicology
16
Q
✔ effects of toxins, whether purposely applied (such as pesticides) or derived from industrial processes, on health and environment.
A
Environmental toxicology
17
Q
Rank of Pesticides according to USA
A
✔ Insecticides
✔ Herbicides
✔ Fungicides
18
Q
global pesticide consumption
A
16%
19
Q
annual growth
A
5-7%
20
Q
Use of Pesticides in the Philippines
A
✔ Crop Production
✔ Animal Health
✔ Public Health
✔ Stored product pests
✔ Structural pests etc.
21
Q
pesticides, maximum importation in the Phil.
A
1978
22
Q
IPM: core of crop protection policy
A
1986
23
Q
Philippines adopted IPM
A
May 1986
24
Q
President?
Philippines adopted IPM
evolved more dynamic, practical and farmer-driven activity.
A
Pres. Corazon C. Aquino
25
✔ Issues rules and regulations governing the
importation, manufacture, repacking, distribution,
delivery, sale, storage, and use of pesticides.
FPA- Fertilizer & Pesticide Authority
26
✔ Jurisdiction over all handlers of pesticides
✔ Registration and license to pesticide handlers
Fertilizer & Pesticide Authority
27
✔ stop sale, stop use, removal and hold order of pesticide
Fertilizer & Pesticide Authority
28
Application of pesticides by farmers
✔ Availability and cost of pesticides
✔ Kind of crops produced
✔ Availability of financing
28
Application of Pesticides, Plantations
✔ Residual tolerance limit
✔ Established by the consumers
✔ Established by mother companies
28
Symptoms of Poisoning exhibited by ORGANISMS
a) Excitation
b) Convulsion
c) Paralysis
d) Death
28
observed before the appearance of the first symptom
latent period
28
During this period usually observed
a) Cleaning movement
b) Curling and telescoping movements
28
Exciting period is manifested by:
1) Frantic running or flying movements
2) Restlessness
28
agriculture begins in Mesopotamia
8000 BC
28
Summerians, use sulfur, control mites & insect
2500 BC
28
Green Revolution
1950-60s
28
DDT, first synthetic pesticide
1940s
28
doc. pest control method
1800s
28
Experimental method
✔ standardized
✔ test insect, uniform (size, age, sex)
✔ extrinsic factors, uniform
28
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
1970
29
Silent Spring by Rachel Carson
1962
29
new product from discovery to first sales
8-9 yrs
29
annual sales on research and development of new crop protection products
7.5%
29
Number of insects used
✔ number governed by practical considerations.
✔ not be over 50 but not less than 15.
✔ Population- homogenous
✔ Randomize
29
Dosage
geometric manner.
30
Temperature
most insecticides, effective normally at ordinary temp.
31
Gamma BHC
variable results
32
slighty greater toxicity at low temp.
Pyrethrins & carbamates
33
more toxic at low temperature
DDT
34
relative humidity may affect the physiological process and alter the susceptibility of insects.
Pre-test effect
35
Exposure effect
✔ Contact poisons
✔ Fumigants
✔ Residual film
36
minor effect
Contact poisons
37
reaction, fumigant used
Fumigants
38
reaction, insecticides and insect used
Residual films
39
Intrinsic factors
(inherent)
40
Specificity
(stomach)
(contact)
(fumigant)
gut wall; mouth, oral
cuticle; bodywall
cuticle and the spiracle.
41
Stage of the insect
order resistance
Egg>Pupa>Larva>adult
42
Sex
Females- more tolerant than males
43
Male rats
more tolerant than female rats
44
now accepted as standard method of reducing data to simple terms
Probit Analysis
45
specialized form of regression analysis
most valuable types of evaluation in toxicology
statistical tools, required interpretation
Probit Analysis
46
analyze many kinds of dose-response
determine the relative toxicity of chemical to living organism
transformation from sigmoid to linear
Probit Analysis
47
process, dissolved sample vaporised
VOLATILIZATION
48
draining away of water
RUNOFF
49
crop removal (transfer insecticide residues during harvest)
Transfer
50
Movement, insecticides in water through soil.
LEACHING
51
* Photo (sunlight/heat)
* Microbial(microorganisms)
* Chemical (alkaline hydrolysis)
Degradation
52
Movement, Insecticides into Plants and animals
ABSORPTION
53
-outermost part of the insect body
-major barrier, protecting the insect from
penetration
Cuticle (exoskeleton)
54
preserved insect species and consists of different layers
protection from desiccation, sensory perception of the environment, mechanical support and means of locomotion
Cuticle (exoskeleton)
55
Insecticides properties
a) Adsorptivity
b) Solubility
c) Persistence
56
Soil conditions
a) Texture
b) Organic matter
c) Permeability
57
* ban pesticides, most toxic to humans, and pesticides remain for longest time in environment
WHO- world health organization
58
Who are at risk?
people, directly exposed to pesticides
agricultural workers
59
responsible for assessing the risks to humans of pesticides – both through direct exposure, and through residues in food
WHO, collaboration with FAO
60
assessed the level of risk, and established limits for safe intake
Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR)
61
intergovernmental standards-setting body for food
Codex standards, more than 100 different pesticides
Codex Alimentarius Commission
62
Plants
(Phytotoxicity)
63
appear on the tip, the margin, as spots
Burn
64
similar to burn & affecting plants, same manner
Necrosis (or death of the plant tissue)
65
appear as spots, tip yellowing
Chlorosis (a yellowing or bleaching effect
66
very toxic to earthworm
carbamate insecticides
67
appear as curling, crinkling, or cupping of leaf
Leaf distortion
68
reduce earthworm populations
organophosphates
69
combination, insecticides and fungicide
neurotoxic effects
70
* (Solanum melongena L.)
-spraying w/ cypermethrin and imidacloprid
higher mortality of coccinellids, braconid wasps and predatory spiders
71
found highly toxic to natural enemies
neonicotinoids
72
lethal and sub-lethal effects
neonicotinoid insecticides
73
causing colony collapse disorder (CCD)
Nosema ceranae
74
decrease honey production
nosema disease/nosemosis
75
-increased gut of bees
from imidacloprid treated hives.
Microsporidial infections
76
inhibits feeding, insects starve to death
Anti-feedant
77
reduces transpiration
Anti-transpirant
78
lures pests to treated location
Attractant
79
removes unwanted plant growth
Defoliant
80
dries up plant parts and insects
Dessicant
81
stop, speeds or retards growth pro.
Growth regulator
82
drives pests, w/o killing
Repellant
83
enhance, effectiveness active ingredients
Synergist
84
poison enters in mouth absorbed through the digestive tract
Stomach poison
85
poison in pest’s body
Contact poison
86
poison, through respiratory system
Fumigant
87
toxicant is water soluble and taken into the plant through the roots, stems and leaves and trans located throughout the plant.
*effective against
Systemic poison
sucking, boring and mining pest
88
based on structure of the compound and named based on the rules of
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists (IUPAC)
Chemical Name
89
by international community of scientists to identify the pesticide easier instead of chem. name
Common Name
90
by manufacturer
each company has brand name & for advertisement
Trade Name
91
allow the formulation to be mixed with water to form an emulsion (oil in water)
Emulsifiers
92
1940s-50s
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
DDT, Chlordane, Dieldrin, Mirex
93
1960s- 70s
Organophosphates & Carbamates
Dimethoate, Diazinon, Dursban, Orthene
94
1980s-90s
Pyrethroids (synthetic)
Mavrik, Tame, Tempo, Decathlon, Talstar
95
1990s-2000s
Reduced-Risk Insecticides
96
consisted of compound: arsenic, mercury, and lead
soon abandoned, highly toxic and ineffective
first-generation pesticides (1940)
97
composed of synthetic organic compounds.
second-generation pesticide
98
* Acts through phosphorylation of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme at
nerve endings (Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme Inhibitor)
Organophosphates
99
Biologically active carbamates originated with the used of Calabar beans, the seed of Physostigma venenosum (Balfour)
Carbamate Insecticides
100
- seed of a leguminous plant Physostigma venenosum, native of tropical Africa
Calabar bean
101
poisonous to humans.
Calabar bean
102
control directed one pest, result outbreak of another pest
Resurgence of pest population
103
hidden cost: medical costs, laboratory/ field tests, etc.
The cost
104
oral, contact/dermal,
Route
105
concentration of the
Inhalation Magnitude
106
no. of exposure to the toxicant
Toxicant Duration
107
length of exposure
Frequency
108
Danger/ Poison
Warning
Caution
No signal word
- red
- yellow
- blue
- green
109
50% test species will die, duration of exposure
LD50
110
exposure in one single dose
Acute tests
111
exposure, specified frequency
Chronic test
112
NOEL:
NO Effect Level (2year feeding) “carcinogenicity”
113
Acaricides
Fungicide
Herbicide
Insecticide
Molluscicide
Nematicides
Rodenticide
Termiticide
mites, ticks and (spiders)
fungi
weeds
insect
slugs & snails
nematodes
rodents
termites, ants
114
Category I
Extremely toxic 50 mg/kg
115
Category II
Highly Toxic 50-500 mg/kg
116
Category III
Moderately Toxic 500-5000 mg/kg
117
Category IV
Slightly Toxic >5000 mg/kg
118
Calabar bean
mode of action:
inhibit cholinesterase enzymes
119
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
carbon, chlorine, hydrogen
Names: organochlorines, chlorinated insecticides, and chlorinated synthetics.
120
Highly persistent, low water solubility, wide spectrum
activity, accumulate in plant and animal tissues
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
121
DDT work on
Peripheral nervous system
122
synthetic analogs and derivatives of the original pyrethrins
Pyrethroids
123
collective term for pyrethrum extracts
“Purified pyrethrums”
Pyrethrins
124
refers to dried & powdered flower heads
white- flowered daisy-like plant of
Chrysanthemum genus (C. cinerariaefolium ,C. cineum)
Pyrethrum
125
widespread use of pyrethroid
1970’s
126
similar to the natural insecticide, nicotine
Neonicotinoids
127
⮚hallmark of neonicotinoids
“SYSTEMIC.”
127
Neonicotinoids
bind, specific site:
postsynaptic receptor / nicotinic receptor
128
⮚ regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency
use is governed by _________
Microbial Insecticides
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).
128
⮚Single cell organism: bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses, have been mass produced and formulated for use in a manner similar to insecticides.
Microbial Insecticides
129
⮚ effect primarily on infection and multiplication in host
Microbial Insecticides
130
ADVANTAGES OF MICROBIAL INSECTICIDES
nontoxic and nonpathogenic
specific to a single group
131
occur commonly in soils, and most insecticidal strains
Bacteria
132
-numerous virus particles are "packaged"
nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPVs)
133
- one or two virus particles, surrounded by granular
or capsule-like protein crystal CPV cytoplasmic
granulosis viruses (GVs)
134
- develops only in cytoplasm of host midgut epithelial cells
- larval stages of sawflies
polyhedrosis virus CPV
135
species that cause insect diseases spread by means of asexual spores
Conidia
136
do not have to be ingested to cause infections
fungi
137
entomopathigenic fungus
Verticillium lecanii
138
can affect a wide variety of arthropods
Beauveria bassiana
139
changes from larval to adult form
Metamorphosis
140
– immature insect has reached the point in its development where it needs a larger exoskeleton.
Ecdysone
141
– remains immature by inhibiting the development of adult characteristics such as wings and reproductive organs.
Juvenile hormone
142
prevent insect from becoming adults, no reproduction.
JUVENILE HORMONE AGONISTS
143
mimic ecdysone and force insects to molt prematurely which typically results in stoppage of feeding and ultimately in insect death.
ECDYSONE AGONISTS
144
⮚most widely used botanical insect growth regulators
Azadirachtin
145
⮚ insects that survive develop into a deformed adult incapable of feeding, dispersing, or reproducing.
Azadirachtin
146
⮚Immature insects exposed Azadirachtin
molt prematurely or die
147
state "Restricted Use Pesticide" at the top of the front panel.
product classification
148
name of the product that the manufacturer created
Examples: "Sunspray", "Pounce", "Warrior', etc.
Trade Name/Brand Name
149
Formulation
* emulsifiable concentrate (EC)
* solution (S)
* wettable powder (WP)
* soluble powder (SP)
* water dispersible granules (or dry flowables) (WDG or DF)
* water soluble packets (WSP)
150
pesticide classification number
important to know - growers should rotate
among classes to prevent resistance
Mode of Action
151
⮚ interrupts molting, metamorphosis, and development of the female reproductive system
Azadirachtin
152
material that is working to kill the target pest
Active Ingredient
153
do not work to control the target pest directly
added to improve effectiveness
Other/Insert Ingredients
154
Every product, unique registration number
EPA Registration Number
155
Net content : 5lb
Net Contents
156
addess of manufacturer
Manufacturer's Address
157
accompanied by a red skull and crossbones and means that the product can be fatal
Danger-Poison
158
corrosive, and can cause irreversible eye damage or skin injury.
Danger
159
moderately toxic, and can cause moderate eye or skin irritation
Warning
160
mildly toxic, but cause slight eye or skin irritation
Caution
161
Signal Word
Danger-Poison
Danger
Warning
Caution
162
part of pesticide label
Keep Out of Reach of Children Warning
163
antidote, treatment for medical victim
First Aid
164
⮚ Hazards to Humans
Precautionary Statements
165
temperature & light require, prevent breakdown of matter
how to deal w/ unused portion of the product & container
Storage and Disposal
166
product may be applied
* the pests that the product targets
* amount to use
* method of application
* timing of application
* pre-harvest interval
* re-entry interval
* PPE requirements for early re-entry
Directions for Use
167
Act on central nervous system of insects with very low toxicity to mammals and minimal environmental impact
Neonicotinoids
168
Juvenile hormone
secreted by the________
Corpora Allata
169
* to protect public health by setting max. limits for pesticide residues in food and water
WHO
170
eaten to be effective; not contact poison
Bacteria
171
Ecdysone secreted by
prothoracic glands
172
Not easily broken down by heat, microorganism, enzymes
Chlorinated hydrocarbon
173
* Efficiently absorbed by inhalation and ingestion
Organophosphate
174
* Dermal penetration/ absorption varies
Organophosphate
175
✔ occasional exposure to the toxicants
(contact/dermal, oral or inhalation).
Pesticide toxicology
176
collective term for pyrethrum extracts
“Purified pyrethrums”
