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agbio Flashcards

1
Q

first ASEAN country initiate biotechnology regulatory system

A

Philippines

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2
Q

National Committee on Biosafety Philippines (NCBP)

A

Executive No. 430 (1990)

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3
Q

follow strict standards
model for member-country of ASEAN

-to become producer of agricultural biotechnology crops

A

Executive No. 430 (1990)

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4
Q

recognize, one of potent tool to attain food security & sustainable agriculture

A

Agricultural Biotechnology

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5
Q

ensure safety, ethical considerations, innovation

A

Biotechnology

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6
Q

rapid advancement biotechnology, frameworks of laws & regulation
balance, potential benefits and potential risks

A

Biotechnology

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7
Q

Address, global implication of biotechnology

A
  • Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
  • Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
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8
Q

safety transfer, handling, use of living modified orgs. (LMOs)

A

Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety

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9
Q

Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety

adopted?
enter force ?

A

January 29, 2000
September 11, 2003

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10
Q
  • protect biological diversity from potential risks of LMOs
    • advance informed agreement (AIA)
    • precautionary approach
    • Biosafety Clearing-House
A

Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety

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11
Q

information exchange mechanism, provides info. about LMOs

A

Biosafety Clearing-House

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12
Q

Biosafety Clearing-House
created, fulfill?

A

article 20 of CPB

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13
Q

government designed __________
submitting information & coordination w/ BHC secretariat

A

National Focal Point (NFP)

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14
Q

National Focal Point (NFP)
submitting information & coordination

A

BHC secretariat

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15
Q

Department of Foreign Affairs

A

Ms. Maria Teresa T. Almojuela

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16
Q

National Plant Quarantine Sevices Division

A

Mr. Ariel J. Bayot

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17
Q

Department of Science and Technology (DOST)

A

Ms. Maria Lorelie U. Agbagala

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18
Q

Benefits of BHC

A

Country, access to information in laws, regulation, risk

share own information in LMOs

find information, capacity building resources

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19
Q

Plant Variety Protection Act of 2002

A

RA No. 9168

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20
Q

National Biosafety Framework

A

EO 514

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20
Q

all function pursuant to CPB

A

DA

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21
Q

all function pursuant to CPB - all type of orgs.

A

NCBP

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22
Q

pharmaceuticals -process foods fr. LMOs

A

DOH

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23
Q

AIA, Public awareness -animal,bacteria,plant

A

DENR

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24
Q

plant genetics and crop biotechnology, prioneering
use of molecular markers

A

Dr. Desiree Menancio Hautea

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25
Q

ecological & environmental sciences

A

Dr. Flerida Carino

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26
Q

Biosafety system & Genetics

A

Dr. Saturnina Halos

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27
Q

BCH, biotechnology, entomology, insect resistance

A

Dr. Reynaldo Ebora

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28
Q

Food safety

A

Dr. Franco Teves

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29
Q

BCH, biotechnology, virus resistance

A

Dr. Dolores Ramirez

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30
Q

Mangrove forestry, plant biotechnology, forest pathology

A

Ms. Veronica Sinoshin

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31
Q

Biosafety system development & implementation
Biosafety legislation & regulation

A

Ms. Merle Palacpac

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32
Q

Biosafety system development & implementation
Biosafety legislation & regulation
Rural development

A

Dr. Leonardo Gonzales

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33
Q

Address issue related, conservation & sustainable use of biological diversity

A

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

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34
Q

Specific regulation to govern biotechnology activities w/in borders

A

Local Regulation and Biosafety

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35
Q

Safe handling, transport, use of LMOs to minimize human & environmental risks

A

Biosafety

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36
Q

evaluation & approval of GMOs and biosafety products

A

Product approval

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37
Q

protect intellectual property right, biotech. invention

A

Intellectual Property Rights

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38
Q

assess environmental impact of biotechnology activity

A

Environmental Impact Assessment

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38
Q

Article II of 1987 Constitution

A

Sec 15 ,16, 17

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39
Q

Sec 15

A

protect & promote of right to health

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40
Q

Sec 16

A

balanced and healthful ecology

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41
Q

Sec 17

A

priority to education, science and technology

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42
Q

Article XIV 1987 Constitution

A

Sec 10

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43
Q

S&T, essential for nation development&progress

A

Article XIV 1987 Constitution
Sec 10

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44
Q

State priority to research and development,
invention, innovation, and utilization

A

Sec 10

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44
Q

State shall promote safe & responsible use of modern biotechnology and its product

A

National Policy of Biotech

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45
Q

Composition of the NCBP

A

1 biological scientist
1 environmental scientist
1 physical scientist
1 social scientist
2 respected members of the community
1 representative: DA, DENR, DOH

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46
Q

preventive measure, protect human health & envi.

A

Precautionary Principle

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47
Q

Envi. damage accountable, costs of recommendation

A

Polluter Pays Principle

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48
Q

Decision making, to biotechnology

A

Public Participation

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49
Q

Ensure, transparency & accountability to public

A

Transparency & Accountability

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50
Q

for developing & enforcing regulations, issuing permits

A

Government Agencies

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51
Q

International cooperation, technical assistance

A

International Organizations

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52
Q

Conduct research, provide expert advice

A

Scientific Institution

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53
Q

Advocate public interest, public awareness campaigns

A

Civil Society Organization

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53
Q

Guidance, biosafety practice & promote international cooperation in biotech application

A

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

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54
Q

Focus, health aspect of biotech

A

World Health Organization

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55
Q

Consensus document, facilitate harmonization of regulatory oversight

A

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

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56
Q

Leveraging natural processes, improve crop yield and quality

A

Traditional Breeding Techniques

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57
Q

enhance productivity and environmental health

A

Agroecology

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58
Q

use natural enemies, control pest & disease

A

Biocontrol Agents

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59
Q

organisms w/ altered genome, never happened in traditional reproduction or natural recombination

A

GMOs - Genetically modified organisms (1970s)

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60
Q

GMO start

A

1970s

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61
Q

Used: production
insufficient production

A

human insulin
bovine insulin

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62
Q

“GMO” means

A

change (modification)

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63
Q

occurred in the DNA, but the term doesn’t describe the change in detail.

A

“GMO” means a change (modification)

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64
Q

DNA from a sexually incompatible organism

A

“transgenic”

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65
Q

*Not all GMOs (___________), all transgenic organisms (_________)

A

transgenic
GMOs

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66
Q

GM but not transgenic

A

sexually compatible partners

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67
Q

both non-transgenic & transgenic

A

Genetic engineering

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68
Q

Genetic engineering
Sexual reproduction is ________

A

Sexual reproduction, not necessary

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69
Q

Food Quality

A

1.Nutritional Enhancement
2. Reduced Allergens
3. Pesticide Reduction

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70
Q

Golden Rice

A

higher vit & nut. content

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71
Q

Food Quantity

A
  1. Increased Yields
  2. Reduced Losses
  3. Extended Shelf Life
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72
Q

Added _____% - 4 main crops

A

6%
(soybeans, maize, canola, cotton)

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73
Q

pollen from Bt corn

A

could harm monarch butterfly larvae

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74
Q

specific Bt toxin- only for animal feed but not for human consumption

A

StarLink Corn

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75
Q

found, taco shells & other human food products (_____)

A

StarLink Corn

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76
Q

elevated levels of solanine,
flawed, GM potatoes not harmful.

A

Poisonous Potato

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77
Q

unintended spread of genetically modified corn genes
impact on biodiversity and the integrity

A

Mexican Corn Gene Escape

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78
Q

StarLink Corn not approved, human consumption

A

2000

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79
Q

US rice contaminated w/ Bayer GMO variety
Bayer pay $750 M to 11,000 farmers

A

2006

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80
Q

Roundup Ready. South Korea & Japan temp. halts US wheat export

A

2013

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81
Q

Midwestern corn
Monsanto pays $ 250,000 to wheat grower

A

2014

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82
Q

Human embryonic stem cells created by somatic cell nuclear transfer

A

2013

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82
Q

Dolly the Sheep (1996-2003)

A

female Finn Dorset sheep

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82
Q
  • first clone of an adult mammal
A

Dolly the Sheep

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82
Q

successfully cloned in 1996 by fusing the nucleus from a mammary-gland cell of a Finn Dorset ewe into an enucleated egg cell taken from a Scottish Blackface

A

Dolly the Sheep

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82
Q

Nuclear transfer from laboratory cells (A)

A

1996

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83
Q

Dolly the Sheep clone by: British biologist:

A

Ian Wilmut and colleagues of the Roslin Institute

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83
Q

Dolly: First mammal created by somatic cell nuclear transfer (B)

A

1996

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83
Q

First primate created by embryonic cell nuclear transfer (C)

A

1997

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83
Q

More mammals cloned by somatic cell nuclear transfer

A

1998-99

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83
Q

Endangered animals cloned by somatic cell nuclear transfer

A

2001

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83
Q

Nuclear transfer from genetically engineered laboratory cells

A

1997

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83
Q

technique, nucleus of a somatic (body) cell is

A

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)

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83
Q

Primate embryonic stem cells created by somatic cell nuclear transfer

A

2007

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84
Q

allowing, begin embryonic development w/o sperm

A

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)

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84
Q

DNA sequences can be_________

A

inserted, deleted, modified or replaced

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85
Q

broken DNA ends, and ligates
w/ little or no homology,
generating deletions or insertions

A

Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)

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86
Q

Use undamaged DNA template, homologous
chromosome to repair break

A

Homology-directed repair (HDR)

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87
Q

introduce cuts to the DNA

A

Nucleases

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88
Q

Type of nuclease

A
  1. meganucleases
  2. zinc finger nucleases,
  3. TALEN
  4. CRISPR/Cas9
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89
Q

engineered nucleases for precise genome editing

A

TALEN

Transcription Activator-Like Effector-based Nucleases

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90
Q

customizable & bind to any specific DNA seq.

A

TALE DNA-Binding Domain

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91
Q

cuts, DNA guided by the TALE domain.
requires dimerization to function,
meaning two TALEN modules must target adjacent DNA sequences to create a double-strand break

A

FokI Nuclease Domain

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92
Q

clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats

A

CRISPR/Cas System

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93
Q

CRISPR

A

associated endonuclease

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94
Q

first Cas used

A

Cas9

95
Q

most popular genome editing methods

A

CRISPR/Cas System

96
Q

Components

A

sgRNA
Cas endonuclease

96
Q

Stages

A

(1) DNA damage generation such as double strand breaks
(2) host cell repair of damaged sites

97
Q

makes specific protein-DNA binding

A

TALEN

98
Q

makes specific RNA-DNA binding

A

CRISPR

99
Q

guide RNA that locates the correct segment of host DNA along with a region that binds to tracrRNA (generally in a hairpin loop form), forming an active complex

A

crRNA

100
Q

Binds to crRNA and forms an active complex

A

tracrRNA

101
Q

RNA consisting of a tracrRNA & at least one crRNA

A

sgRNA

102
Q

active form, to modify DNA (encodes proteins that unwind and cut the DNA)

A

Cas9

103
Q

template during the host cell’s DNA repair process, allowing for the insertion of a specific DNA sequence at the site broken by Cas9.

A

Repair template

104
Q

more precision than Cas9 is _____

A

Cas12a

105
Q

Cas12- not need

A

tracrRNA

106
Q

Cas 12a makes

A

staggered cut

107
Q

Cas9 -makes

A

blunt end cut

108
Q
A
109
Q

CRISPR-induced double-strand break can induce gene “knock-out” by utilizing the NHEJ, and as an error-prone, it results in genomic deletions or insertions

A

Gene Silencing or “Knock-Out”

109
Q

for DNA-free gene editing w/o DNA vectors, requiring only RNA or protein components.
good choice to avoid the possibility of undesirable genetic alterations

A

DNA-Free Gene Editing

109
Q

through HDR as a precise insertion of a donor template

A

Gene Insertions or “Knock-ins”

109
Q

modifying the Cas9 protein so it cannot cut DNA. modified Cas9, led by a sgRNA, targets the promoter region of a gene and reduces transcriptional activity and gene expression.

A

Transient Gene Silencing

109
Q

determines the order of the four chemical building blocks - called “bases” - that make up the DNA molecule.

A

DNA sequencing

110
Q

sequence tells scientists the kind of genetic information that is carried in a particular DNA segment

A

DNA double helix

110
Q

four chemical bases (A, T, C, and G) *base pair

A

DNA double helix

110
Q

Maxam-Gilbert
STEPS:

A
  1. DNA sample
  2. Preparation of DNA into single strand
  3. Amplification
  4. Addition of P32 as 5’ phosphate
  5. Cleave a specific nucleotide by using chemical
  6. Load DNA fragment into gel and analyze
110
Q
  • radioactive labeling 5′-P ends of double-stranded DNA
    phosphate group (P32) using polynucleotide kinase
A

Maxam-Gilbert

110
Q
  • DNA, denatured w/ DiMethyl SulfOxide (DMSO) 90°C
  • the resulting ssDNA molecules are segregated via
    Electrophoresis
A

Maxam-Gilbert

111
Q

Not routinely, disadvantages such as:

A
  • high toxicity, phosphate isotope & cutting chemical
    usage
  • difficulties analyzing sequences longer than 500bp
  • errors during cleavage
112
Q

-based on chain elongation termination, use in DNA seq.
w/ help of _________& ___________

A

Sanger Method (1977)

polymerase and special nucleotides

113
Q

Sanger Sequencing

A

reagent
1. DNA sample
2. Preparation of DNA into single strand
3. Amplification
4. Sanger sequencing
5. Fluorescently labelled DNA sample
6. Capillary gel electrophoresis and analysis of the complementary sequence

114
Q

for identifying genes

A

DNA sequence

115
Q

now use in cattle farming & other animals
precision selective breeding methods

A

Genome Sequencing

116
Q

combination of DNAs of different origins

A

Recombinant DNA molecule

117
Q

combination possible by the use of

A

restriction enzymes and ligase

118
Q

Recombinant DNA molecule
technique called

A

molecular or DNA cloning

118
Q
  • introduced into a host cell as bacterium
  • bacterium divides and forms a colony,
    each cell in the colony contains one or more identical copies
    of the recombinant DNA.
A

Recombinant DNA molecule

119
Q

Two categories of enzymes needed

A

o restriction endonucleases
o DNA ligase

120
Q
  • scissors, cut both strand of DNA sugar-phosphate backbone
A

o restriction endonucleases

121
Q

– joins two DNA molecules

A

o DNA ligase

122
Q

found primarily in bacteria

A

o restriction endonucleases

123
Q

both strands, equal length, have no unpaired bases

A

Blunt end

124
Q

one strand, longer than the other, has unpaired bases

A

Sticky end

125
Q

can form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases
helpful in cloning, can be joined by ________

A

Sticky end

DNA ligase

126
Q
  • Restriction endonucleases
    recognize specific sequences
A

4-6 base pairs (bp) and palindromic.
cuts particular place within that sequence.

127
Q

enzyme makes the cut by ________

A

breaking covalent bonds

128
Q
  • Restriction enzyme
A
  • blunt ends / staggered ends (or cohesive or sticky ends)
129
Q
  • DNA ligase
A
  • sticky ends or blunt ends
130
Q

o first letter –
o next two letters –
o R-
o I -

A

– first letter of genus name
– first two letters of species name
for strain type
for the first enzyme of that type

131
Q

1,000 bp away from recognition site.

A

Type I

132
Q

cut directly within recognition site.

A

Type II

133
Q

25 bp of the recognition site.

A

Type III

134
Q

*EcoB and EcoK

A

type I enzymes

135
Q

*Hind II and Hind III

A

type II enzymes

136
Q

catalyzes formation of covalent bonds

A

Ligase

137
Q
  • does not discriminate DNA w/ different origins
A

Ligase

138
Q

DNA ligase joins two different DNA fragments

A

one DNA molecule, a recombinant DNA.

139
Q

transfer to host cell, replicated (amplified)

A

recombinant DNA

140
Q

*transfer use, suitable DNA delivery method:

A

electroporation

141
Q

set of experimental techniques to generate a population of

organisms, same molecule of recombinant DNA

A

DNA cloning (a.k.a. Molecular cloning)

142
Q

formed in vitro by inserting DNA fragments of interest into vector DNA molecules.

A

Recombinant DNA molecules

143
Q

Specific Steps in Cloning
depends on

A

type of DNA used, host cell types, a goal of cloning

144
Q

CLONING
Broad steps:

A
  1. Isolation of DNA vector and target gene
  2. Cutting both DNAs using the restriction enzymes
  3. Ligating the target gene into vector
  4. Transformation of host cell with the recombinant DNA
  5. Cloning and selecting cells harboring the recombinant
    DNA
145
Q
  • DNA molecules, used as vehicles in transporting foreign piece of DNA into host cell
A

Cloning vectors

146
Q

Cloning vectors *available for

A

bacteria, yeast, fungi, animals and plants

147
Q

replicate independently in a host cell

A

Cloning vectors

147
Q

Important characteristics of cloning vectors

A

 origin of replication
 Small enough to be isolated
 several unique restriction sites
 selectable markers, for identifying

147
Q
  • small, double strands of bacterial DNA, extrachromosomal
A

Plasmid Vectors

148
Q
  • DNA fragments up to 10 kb (kilobases)
A

Plasmid Vectors

149
Q
  • transported into bacterial cells
    • digestion, ligation and transformation are inefficient
A

Plasmid Vectors

150
Q

white bacterial colonies- gene of interest (recombinants)
blue- do not have the gene of interest (nonrecombinants)

A

Blue-White screening

151
Q

gene of interest (recombinants)

A

white bacterial colonies

151
Q

do not have the gene of interest (nonrecombinants)

A

blue

152
Q
  • Viral DNA can engineered for use as a cloning vector
A

Phage DNA Vectors

153
Q
  • most abundant biological agent
A

Phage DNA Vectors

153
Q

Bacteriophages, also known as ______

A

phages

154
Q

Phage DNA Vectors_________ kb λ DNA

A

50 kb λ DNA

154
Q

viruses quickly take over the host cell, make many copies, break the cell, and infect other cells.

A

lytic cycle

155
Q

viruses sneak into the host’s DNA, stay hidden, and wait

A

lysogenic cycle

156
Q

packaged into a protein coat in vitro and made to infect bacterial cells

A

Cosmid Vectors

157
Q

recombinant cosmid replicates as a plasmid and the host cells are not lysed

A

Cosmid Vectors

158
Q

Cosmid Vectors _________kb

A

35 to 45 kb

159
Q

useful for analyzing large portions of complex genomes

A

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BAC)

159
Q

widely used in large genome sequencing projects

A

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BAC)

159
Q

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BAC) _________ kb of DNA.

A

100 to 300 kb of DNA.

160
Q

lacks some genes that cause

A

tumor

160
Q

Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YAC) _____kb

A

200 and 1500 kb

160
Q

useful for eukaryotic molecular studies

A

Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YAC)

160
Q

special region in the Ti plasmid, called T-DNA

A

Plant Cloning Vector

161
Q

lacks some genes that cause tumor

A

Plant Cloning Vector

162
Q

to transfer foreign genes into plants

A

T-DNA

163
Q

inserted into the T-DNA region

A

Foreign DNA

164
Q

DNA Cloning Review & Applications

A
  1. Cutting and pasting DNA
  2. Bacterial transformation and selection
  3. Protein production
165
Q

Genetic code deciphered

A

1965

166
Q

Recombinant DNA method

A

1973

167
Q

Chemically synthesized DNA active in cells

A

1976

168
Q

Genentech founded

A

1976

169
Q

Human insulin produced in E. coli

A

1979

169
Q

Human somatostatin produced in E. coli

A

1977

170
Q

Humulin approved by FDA

A

1982

171
Q

process, foreign DNA transferred to host cells for applications such as genetic research or gene therapy.

A

Gene delivery

172
Q

utilize bacterial or viral carriers

A

Biological or Indirect

173
Q

include certain polymers and lipids

A

chemical methods

174
Q

utilize physical properties and forces to transport genetic material into cells.

A

physical methods

175
Q

approaches to deliver GE reagents
mostly rely on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation or particle bombardment (aka gene gun or biolistic method)

A

Traditional approaches

176
Q
A
177
Q
A
178
Q
A
179
Q
A
180
Q
A
181
Q
A
182
Q

gene delivery via a virus.

A

transduction

182
Q

insertion of exogenous DNA into prokaryotic cell

A

transformation

182
Q

Advantage of gene delivery

A

● Viruses, high transduction efficiencies yield up to 100% transduction efficiency in vitro.
● Viruses, naturally introduce genetic material into cells.

182
Q

gene delivery via nonviral

A

transfection

183
Q

 In plants

A

Geminiviruses

183
Q

delivers, RNA into cells

A
184
Q

Retroviruses _________bases

A

8000 bases of ssRNA

185
Q

can yield permanent transduction
(delivered genes, remainder of its life)

A

Retroviruses

186
Q

nonenveloped viruses that carry linear, dsDNA

A

Adenoviruses

186
Q

infecting mucosal linings

A

Adenoviruses

186
Q

Geminiviruses
family ?

A
186
Q

ability to transfer T-DNA in its Ti plasmid into plant cells

A

Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacterium

186
Q

process of using Agrobacterium to transfer a gene of interest into the plant cells

A

Agrobacterium-mediated

186
Q

ability to infect a wide variety of plant species
like wheat, maize, cotton, and more.

A

Geminiviruses

187
Q

a soil pathogenic bacterium; causes crown-gall disease or hairy root disease in infected dicotyledonous plants.

A

Agrobacterium

187
Q

By replacing its ________with desired gene/s, Agrobacterium is able to transfer the desired genes into the genome of target plants.

A

T-DNA

188
Q

Three main components prepare Agrobacterium-mediated transformation:

A
  1. T-binary system
  2. Agrobacterium Competent Cells
  3. Plant
189
Q

at top as a region containing (MCS)

A

T-DNA

190
Q

to insert a gene of interest

A

MCS or multiple cloning site

191
Q

the plant selectable marker and bacterial marker

A

Components for selection

191
Q

origin of replication for Agrobacterium (OriA) and origin of replication for Escherichia coli (OriE).

A

Components for replication

191
Q

monitoring the recombinant protein in the transformed plant

A

a reporter

191
Q

Components for gene expression these elements include promoter, ________

A

polyA signals

192
Q

are cells able to take up the T-binary vector containing T-DNA and the gene of interest

A

Agrobacterium Competent Cells

193
Q

The transformation of plant cells by using
Agrobacterium commonly involves

A

incubating the cells or tissues with the bacteria.

194
Q

Microparticles on the order of ~0.5-1μm are used, typically made of gold. (Gold can ionize positively, interacting well with the negatively charged DNA or RNA.)

A
  1. Gene Gun
    (biolistic delivery system/ particle bombardment)
195
Q

Involves using extremely fine needles to penetrate the cell’s plasma membrane; creates a small hole in the membrane to deliver material inside.

A

Microinjection

196
Q

Microinjection
Advantage:

A

If done correctly, the membrane reseals after needle removal, causing minimal cellular damage.

197
Q

Typical polymers that can be used for gene delivery
include, but certainly are not limited to, poly(l-lysine) (PLL), poly(ethylenimine) (PEI), and chitosan.

A
  • Polymers
197
Q

very stressful to the cell

A

Electroporation

198
Q

used for gene delivery in a process termed lipofection.

A
  • Lipids
199
Q

Because of the aqueous environment inside cells and tissues, the hydrophobic tails of the lipids will ___________, the interiors of
which can contain ________ for cellular
delivery.

A

coalesce to form hollow liposomes

oligonucleotides

200
Q

PEG

A

mediated Transformation

201
Q
  • facilitates the uptake of foreign
    DNA into the protoplasts by inducing transient pore formation

in the plasma membrane, allowing the DNA to enter the cells.

A

PEG (Polyethylene Glycol)

202
Q

plant cells w/ cell walls removed, leaving only the plasma membrane intact. Protoplasts are used as the target cells for introducing foreign DNA, as their lack of cell walls makes it easier for the DNA to enter the cell.

A

Protoplasts

203
Q

acts as osmotic stabilizer to help maintain the integrity and viability of the protoplasts

A

Mannitol

204
Q

Direct Delivery

A
  1. Particle delivery method
  2. Electroporation
  3. Agrobacterium-mediated method
205
Q

Particle delivery method

A
  • RR/ Roundup Ready® crops
206
Q

Electroporation

A
  • InVigor™ Maize (Glufosinate herbicide tolerance, PC)
  • Biological/ Indirect Delivery
207
Q

Agrobacterium-mediated method

A
  • Bt crops
  • Golden/ Malusog Rice
208
Q

widely used in gene transfer

A

reporter gene
Selectable markers

209
Q

gene, attached to the regulatory sequence of another gene of interest

A

reporter gene

210
Q

artificial selection of transformed cells; usually they are antibiotic or herbicide resistance genes

A

Selectable markers

211
Q

kanamycin resistance confer selective advantage to the host so that cells that have it survive in a selection medium containing the antibiotic

A

Positive selection markers

212
Q

the opposite is true

A

negative selection markers

213
Q

remove unwanted genes from the plant’s genome, ensuring that the final plant does not carry any marker genes.

A

Gene Deletion Technologies

214
Q

scientists introduce two separate sets of genes into the plant cells: one for the gene of interest and one for the marker gene.

A

Co-Transformation:

215
Q

palatinose system involves using a gene that makes the plant survive in the presence of palatinose, a sugar. Only the transformed plants survive because they can process the sugar, while the untransformed plants die. This eliminates the need for antibiotic resistance genes altogether

A

Safer Marker Systems

216
Q

antibiotic selection marker genes lead to _______

A

lead to antibiotic resistance

217
Q

origin of replication for Agrobacterium (_______) and origin
of replication for Escherichia coli (_______).

A

OriA
OriE)

218
Q

Impacts on Health and Medicine

A

Potential Risks
1. Allergic Risk
2. Toxicity
3. Antibiotic Resistance

219
Q

Impacts on the Environment

Benefits

A
  1. Reduced Pesticide
  2. Improved Weed Control
  3. Environmental Benefits
220
Q

Impacts on the Environment

Potential Risks

A
  1. Cross-Pollination
  2. Herbicide-Resistant Weeds
  3. Pesticide Adaptation
220
Q

D. Impacts on the Economy

Benefits

A

GM technology- positive impact
2012 $18.8 billion
Added 6% - 4 main crops
(soybeans, maize, canola, cotton)

221
Q

D. Impacts on the Economy

Potential Risks

A
  1. Higher Seed Costs
  2. Trade Barriers
  3. Corporate Dependency
  4. Small-Scale Farmer Impact

_FINALS_ (4 decks)

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