FINAL9 ETHIOPIA

Question 0

Ensete

Answer 0

Staple and core of whole system

Perennial, banana family

Multiple varieties:
adapted to different environments
different uses
different life spans

Well fertilized from manure/compost

Question 1

Effect of altitude

Answer 1

HIGH ELEVATION:
Least diverse in species		high varietal diversity in key species, e.g. barley
MEDIUM ELEVATION:
Most diverse species		
varietal diversity, especially
				ensete,taro,maize
HIGH ELEVATION:
Diverse species			 
some varietal diversity
sugarcane, coffee, beans

Question 2

BARLEY

Answer 2

The distribution of named barley varieties across the Gamo landscape is tightly correlated with elevation differences between communities (R2=0.25, p<0.001), as well as with geographical distance (R2 = 0.10, p = 0.007).

According to surveyed farmers, seed flow largely occurs between communities of the same elevation, and farmers identify distinctive low and high elevation varieties.

Question 3

barley and elevation

Answer 3

Barley is less important at low elevations, not
only do low-elevation farms cultivated fewer barley varieties, they are also less seed-secure for barley.

At high elevations, lower levels of seed turnover create conditions for greater selection, both natural and by farmers, and therefore greater adaptation to local conditions.

Question 4

2 row traditional barley type–

Answer 4

specific cultural uses

small plots cultivated for specific taste, color, and texture qualities

Question 5

6 row barley types

Answer 5

general food consumption

large plots, often intermixed with new seed, and selected for productivity,

Question 6

Maintenance of diversity different for the two barley types

Answer 6

Greater prevalence and lower price of six-rowed varieties in markets -
stronger force in the structuring of six-rowed varieties, and explains the long-distance exchange evident in genetic and phenotypic patterns.

Farmers are less dependent on markets for 2 row types - get seed from friends, family, and neighbors. - explains the tight clustering between nearby communities and the genetic fidelity to variety names found in two-rowed varieties.

Question 7

Drivers of change

Answer 7

Population growth – absence of inter tribal wars and infanticide.
Leads to smaller land holdings, less communal pasture and forests
Soil fertility issues
Increased access via roads
Changing cultural norms
Access to larger markets, schools etc.
Changing crops planted

Climate change – shifting rainfall patterns, crop diseases and malaria at higher elevations

Cultural change: impacting traditional resource management
Government - local government structures
Religion – shifts power from traditional elders